1 - Revolutions of 1848-9

Question 1

underlying causes of unrest

Answer 1

social and economic
which then turned into a political demonstration

Question 2

causes - liberalism

Answer 2

• heightened hopes due to Pius’s election in 1846
• events in switzerland in 1847 (liberal constitution forced which ended the conservative alliance Sonderbund)
• previous liberal reforms failed to satisfy

Question 3

causes - economic

Answer 3

1846/7 failed harvests
caused food riots

Question 4

causes - land

Answer 4

southern areas (e.g. calabria) had common land taken from the peasantry and their response was violence

Question 5

causes - underemployment

Answer 5

north
textile industries
narrow industrial base
workers destroyed their machinery

Question 6

causes - long term

Answer 6

call from nationalists to destroy austrian empire

Question 7

limited previous reforms - causes

Answer 7

failed to satisfy
- charles albert’s 1847 limited reforms (reorganisation of local gov, relaxed censorship) and sacking of conservative minister Solara della Margarita
- tuscany - grand duke leopold ii introduced limited reforms

Question 8

outbreak of revolution: sicily

Answer 8

(jan 1848, feb granted constitution)
caused by poor living conditions and a brutal administration.
palermo uprising led by Rosalino Pilo
wanted a new constitution to give them autonomy

Question 9

sicily revolutions - provisional government

Answer 9

set up a national guard
all key gov posts reserved for sicilians
elections took place march 1848
in april 1848, parliament declared the king was no longer the ruler.

Question 10

sicily revolutions - ferdinand’s response

Answer 10

september 1848
launched a military assault which landed him the nickname King Bomba
took until May 1849 to defeat
(in this time the revolution spread to mainland, especially since there was no support from Austria as they were busy in the papal states)

Question 11

outbreak of revolution: lombardy

Answer 11

milan
people boycotted tobacco as the austrians held a monopoly over its sale (5 million lire a year raised in taxes)
not a fullscale uprising but they did attack austrian soldiers who were seen smoking.
caused 5 Days of Milan

Question 12

what happened in march 1848

Answer 12

metternich resigned as foreign minister
triggered more protest

Question 13

5 Days of Milan

Answer 13

march 1848
radetsky withdrew to the quadrilateral, leaving a political vacuum.
provisional gov set up and led by Cassati (moderate who wanted union with Piedmont) who asked CA for protection

Question 14

outbreak of revolution: venice

Answer 14

• protests demanded the release of political prisoner Daniele Manin
• he was released in march 1848 and the venetian republic was declraed by the people
• manin went with public vote (against his own beliefs) and also asked CA for assistance

Question 15

what did the 1848 revolutions show

Answer 15

that foreign support was needed to defeat austria

Question 16

when did Tuscany get a constitution

Answer 16

feb 1848
CA followed in March

Question 17

statuto

Answer 17

march 1848
king kept majority of power, but guaranteed civil liberties and modernised parliament

Question 18

when did Piedmont declare war on austria

Answer 18

22 march 1848
metternich had just resigned and CA was worried about potential french intervention AND the milan rebellion spreading

Question 19

what happened when CA declared war on austria in march

Answer 19

invasion of lombardy with troops converging from all over italy (e.g. naples army, army from PS led by General Durango - went against Pius’s orders)

Question 20

pius’s allocution

Answer 20

in response to Durango’s disobedience - showed declining temporal power
april 1848
ended neoguelphists hopes
protecting pope’s own interests as he was concerned the papal army would provoke austrian violence in PS

Question 21

why did austria want to hold onto lombardy (risky as if Piedmont won they could advance into austria)

Answer 21

radetsky spent most of his military career in northern italy and he knew the strength of the quadrilateral.
in june 1848, the austrians ordered him to seek peace but he persuaded them to fight

Question 22

initially CA was successful in Lombardy. But…

Answer 22

a french army (30,000) amassed on the piedmontese border
AND
24 july was the custozza loss for CA.

Question 23

after Custozza what happened

Answer 23

24 july - lost
radetsky pressed the home advantage
piedmont expelled 4 august
salasco armistice 11th august

Question 24

in november 1848, who was appointed austrian PM

Answer 24

schwarzenberg - didn’t want to compromise with piedmont at all

Question 25

why did CA do one final push at novara

Answer 25

convinced by gioberti to do so

Question 26

novara

Answer 26

loss 23 march 1849

Question 27

piedmont forced to pay..

Answer 27

65 million francs in reparations

Question 28

counter revolution in lombardy

Answer 28

radetsky’s army was supported by farmers who preferred austrian rule over the landlords

Question 29

counter revolution in tuscany

Answer 29

although a tuscan republic was declared in 1849 following Grand Duke Leopold’s fleeing, moderates were able to take hold of much of the power and this paved the way for his return (supported by austrian troops)

Question 30

counter revolution in venice

Answer 30

only the republic of venice survived - the rest under austrian control venice was besieged by the austrians and held out for a year despite hunger/cholera. radetsky succeeded 27th august 1849

Question 31

counter revolution in naples

Answer 31

ferdinand launched a counter revolution as he wanted to close down the parliament set up in the new constitution many of the poorest (lazaroni) shouted slogans in support of the king. when ferdinand regained power in 1849 it was welcomed by many influential sicilians (including the mafiosi leaders)

Question 32

counter revolution - peasants in general

Answer 32

tired of unsuccessful revolutions which only meant more soldiers and less food

Question 33

counter revolution in the MC

Answer 33

saw revolution as anti-stability

Question 34

the roman republic proved that

Answer 34

mazzini’s ideas could be practically carried out

Question 35

what did Pius do when he was scared of a military coup in september 1848

Answer 35

appointed the conservative count rossi, hoping he would act firmly against the liberals. however, he was murdered in november while entering the Roman parliament. pius then flees to naples

Question 36

revolutionary government in papal states

Answer 36

led by Galleti (more moderate mazzinian) short time in office but introduced some popular measures (e.g. abolition of the Macinato (unpopular corn tax)) elections held and the costituente declared the end of the pope’s power and the founding of the roman republic

Question 37

triumvarate

Answer 37

mazzini, armellini, saffi ordered clearing of roman slums, redistributed some church land, ended church press control, issued a constitution (but by this point it was too late)

Question 38

pius’s counter to the roman republic

Answer 38

in april 1849 he called on the help of spanish, french and neopolitan forces

Question 39

france and the roman republic

Answer 39

louis napoleon as president wanted to win catholic support so sent a force to Italy led by General Oudinot fought garibaldi’s makeshift army of 4000 with 20,000. held off for 2 months but entered rome on 3 july

Question 40

garibadi’s speech

Answer 40

future of romes defenders would be one of “hunger, thirst, forced marches” to his 4000