3 - Causes of 2nd Italian War of Independence

Question 1

what was a turning point in the cause of italian unity

Answer 1

formation of national society 1857

Question 2

what was the national society

Answer 2

moderate liberal organisation
to promote the cause of national unity and accept piedmont as leader

Question 3

what methods did the national societies use

Answer 3

single issue nationalist campaigns (e.g. protesting swiss mercenary soldiers in naples)
flyers/posters/pamphlets/meetings/newspaper

Question 4

national society pamphlets

Answer 4

published in batches of 3000

Question 5

who founded national society

Answer 5

group of exiles living in piedmont, including La Farina, Pallavicino and Manin

Question 6

national society newspaper

Answer 6

Il Piccolo Corriere d’Italia

Question 7

national society vs mazzini

Answer 7

tactics contrasted as mazzini promoted violence

Question 8

national society membership

Answer 8

open in piedmont
more secretive in lombardy/other states due to foreign influence

Question 9

cavour’s support for nationalism in 1850s

Answer 9

limited to north only
only centred around removing austria
cavour linked nationalism to political stability

Question 10

cavours views about nationalism/political stability..

Answer 10

appealed to the educated middle class

Question 11

what did the national society give cavour

Answer 11

a conservative and pragmatic template for nationalism

Question 12

Louis Napoleon aged 22

Answer 12

taken part in the 1831 uprisings

Question 13

what was louis napoleon grateful to piedmont for?

Answer 13

piedmont’s help at crimea
after the congress of paris (1856) cavour’s assistant niagra kept up a written relationship

Question 14

what did napoleon iii see as his duty

Answer 14

to ensure french expansion and reduce austrian power in this area of europe
(saw possibility of expanding into nice and savoy)
HOWEVER he was wary of catholic opinion in france

Question 15

catholic opinion in france

Answer 15

louis napoleon didn’t want to oppose this
in 1849 he sent troops to rome to restore papacy which was popular with the catholics
this prevented full unification until 1871

Question 16

when was the orsini affair

Answer 16

january 1858

Question 17

who took part in the orsini affair

Answer 17

4 italians led by count felice osini

Question 18

what did the orisini affair attempt to do

Answer 18

assassinate louis napoleon arriving at the opera with his wife, empress eugenie

Question 19

bombs - orsini affair

Answer 19

they had three bombs made in london and then they travelled with them by train to paris
failed to harm target but killed 7 onlookers and injured 150

Question 20

orsini affair trial

Answer 20

orsini appealed to napoleon to support the cause of italian unity
part of the reason for action when he met with cavour in july 1858 at plombieres

Question 21

date of plombieres

Answer 21

20 july 1858

Question 22

what did plombieres show

Answer 22

that france and piedmont had different motives
cavour wanted northern independence but louis napoleon wanted territory

Question 23

plombieres was a ___

Answer 23

secret meeting

Question 24

plombieres would only be started if

Answer 24

austria was seen as the aggressor and piedmont the victim

Question 25

plombieres territory agreements

Answer 25

- kingdom of upper italy under piedmont - kingdom of central italy controlled by tuscany - rome to stay papal (LN wanted catholic support) - naples to stay under bourbon family - nice and savoy to france

Question 26

nice and savoy in return for..

Answer 26

200,000 french troops

Question 27

what was an extra part of plombieres

Answer 27

marriage arranged between LN’s nephew Prince Jerome and VE II’s daughter Princess Clotilde

Question 28

which part of plombieres took the longest for cavour to agree to

Answer 28

nice took until january 1859 as it was majority italian speaking

Question 29

why did cavour agree so quickly that the french could have savoy

Answer 29

mainly french speaking wanted the french troops (200,000)

Question 30

plombieres was a major diplomatic achievement for cavour but..

Answer 30

was not nationalist as this only talked about northern unification

Question 31

cavour promised to match french soldiers

Answer 31

with 100,000 but the National Society only recruited 20,000 (untrained volunteers) and the Piedmontese army was 60,000

Question 32

little popular enthusiasm for a war with austria

Answer 32

- when insurrection began in modena it failed to get support - prussia made it clear its alliance was with austria - britain was sympathetic for the italian cause but didn’t want france to replace austrian power

Question 33

what happened in march 1859

Answer 33

piedmont mobilised

Question 34

what happened after piedmont mobilised

Answer 34

april 1859 - austria mobilised. costly - so the foreign minister demanded 3 days to demobilise on 23rd april

Question 35

who was the austrian foreign minister who demanded demobilisation

Answer 35

Count Buol

Question 36

what did austria do on 29th april

Answer 36

declare war they invaded under General Franz Gyulai they were delayed by poor weather which allowed the french to move troops in by rail

Question 37

unrest across the peninsula after austria invaded

Answer 37

manipulated by national society Florence, Bologna, Duchies

Question 38

unrest after invasion - florence

Answer 38

april 1859 popular demonstration against GDL led to provisional government by ricasoli ricasoli was a moderate who demanded union with piedmont

Question 39

unrest after invasion - bologna

Answer 39

june 1859 provisional government france thought that piedmont was going beyond plombieres

Question 40

unrest after invasion - tuscany/modena/parma

Answer 40

may 1859 national society engineered peaceful revolutions set up provisonal governments and were ruled as piedmontese colonies

Question 41

unrest after invasion - why was it not necessarily successful

Answer 41

- france thought they were going beyond plombieres by intervening in PS - only in the short term as the success relied on battlefield wins