1, consolidation of power 1936-1946

Question 1

1915 Twenty One Demands

Answer 1

increased rights exploration of Manchuria and inner Mongolia, not in position to refuse but did resist meant Japanese police and economic advisors in China. Allied powers agree at peace conference Versailles Japan permeant control of shandy=protests in China

Question 2

Nationalists in Japanese army juniors acting without authority

Answer 2

clash at Mukden to a full scale assault on Manchuria became Manchuko-instaled last Qing Emperor to seem more legitimate, China boycotts Japanese goods retaliate attack Shanghai, other powers disapprove but not intervene, withdraw but continue expansion inner Mongolia.

Question 3

Cities

Answer 3

conomic growth, manufacturing, electric power, transport infrastructure new roads and railways , steamer services on river, business grow, National Aviation Corporation first airline, education by foreign missionaries and new Chinese schools, modern hospitals and west medicine, shanghai flourishing culture and film industry

Question 4

Countryside

Answer 4

village schools most peasants do not access education, health care minimal traditional medicine, infant morality high and life expectancy low, foot binding out lawed but still continued with arranged marriages, concubines, agriculture on human power, worldwide depression 30s hit farmers

Question 5

Treaty ports

Answer 5

set up by British at end of opium war 5 ports similar unfair treaties with other powers, Taiwan and Japan join

Question 6

Jiang power base

Answer 6

held key positions in police and army Commander in Chief and Chairman of National Military Council, leader of gmd, chairman of state council

Question 7

Created Central Political Institute

Answer 7

trained young men to become future leaders loyal to him and anti communist and anti imperialist

Question 8

Military bureau of statistics

Answer 8

secret police infiltrate opposition, used torture from prisoners and assassinations

Question 9

Bandit Suppression Headquarters

Answer 9

co-ordinate anti communist activity

Question 10

Not control local level peasants

Answer 10

heavy tax not reach government, heavily tax business and take loans from them if refuse property taken always short of money

Question 11

‘Three Principles of the People’

Answer 11

Nationalism, most important, united ,economically strong, end the ‘unequal treaties’, Democracy= long term ‘there is a difference between European and Chinese concepts of freedom’, not too much personal freedom only once under 1 party military dictatorship and fully independent, People’s Livelihood many poor vague odea of land and tax reform

Question 12

1934 New Life Movement

Answer 12

to create a ‘new national consciousness and mass psychology’ harass many ordinary, women, change habits spitting smoking casual sex provocative clothing rescue the people, short not gain much support

Question 13

blue shirts

Answer 13

Inspired by fascists Hitler and Mussolini own parliament group led by secret police involved in action against communists