2, 1946-19525,5, communist victory in the civil war 1946-1949

Question 1

Course of the war

Answer 1

Gmd capture large cities, ‘corridor’ along coast on Manchuria

· Communists are in retreat and lost base in Yan’an, move to Manchuria where they fight

· Communist abandon Yangzi river

· Gmd lose against pla

· Communists successfully use guerilla warfare in Manchuria

· Pla move to full scale attacks in convnential battles

· Capture yellow river gateway into west

· Pla take over north and railways

· Capture Beijing and shanghai

Question 2

Political Consultative Conference Beijing

Answer 2

Mao calls dominated by CCP 14 other parties elected members of the new central government of the People’s Republic of China

Question 3

1949 Mao

Answer 3

in tianemen square

Question 4

guerilla warfare

Answer 4

Manchuria suited hilly and forsets, tactics of ‘wear and tear’. Gmd like an elephant vs ccp tiger in a straight battle elelpahtn would win from its size if tiger attacks and runs elephant will die from blood loss and exhaustion, tactful flexibility face superior force, would give up territory in tactiful retreats in manchira and Yan’an said ‘We give Jiang Yan’an. He will give us China’

Question 5

Morale

Answer 5

politically indoctrinated, face dangers and sacrifisees more committed, spread propaganda win over local population

Question 6

Discipline

Answer 6

treat civilians respect ‘army and the people are one’

Question 7

Military leadership

Answer 7

Lin Biao ability, in long march and Japan, guerrilla warfare and conventional battles transformed PLA into conventional army

Question 8

Nationalists mistakes

Answer 8

· Mistakes, sent best troops to Manchuria without securing control in central, were spread to thinly vulnerable to guerrilla warfare

· Corrupt leadership not effective, not plan ahead, officers steal money soldiers pay

· Troops tied together marched under armed officers, clothes taken at night, food and water taken by officers, conscript

· Jiang poor military leader not delegate power, maek decisions far from action contradictior and impractical, sus of independent minded so promotion on loyalty not ability

· Conscript easily surrender or desert

· Taking over areas known for brutality and ill discipline reputation

Question 9

‘liberated areas’

Answer 9

democratic dictatorship, local levels participate ‘revolutionary committees’ and mass meetings dealt education, heath, farming, land reform, political, military training. Good factor in building support and involvement

Question 10

‘land to the tillers programme’

Answer 10

Land reform return radical, rallies organized by cadres, landlords and richer peasants denounced humiliation and violence families, children of landlords ‘little landlords’ , became so violent CCP members pitoned restraint, Mao temporarily stop s blames excess on mistakes of lower level cadres

Question 11

Increase support

Answer 11

ccp prisoners in Manchuria include peasant farmers, factory, railway workers, teachers, students, policeman due to patriotic effort against Japan . Limited support in cities but infiltrated trade unions and organize strikes

Question 12

Propaganda

Answer 12

posters, promise democracy and land reform in liberated areas

Question 13

GMD fails

Answer 13

not deliver principles, dictatorial not democratic, local officials corrupt take bribes tax not reach government= debt, fear revenge of landlords include rent areas taken at gunpoint, executions, member of each family killed involved in land reform, mismanagement of the economy printed more bank notes=inflation, middle class living on saing and incomes suffer worse, reform to late new currency gold yuan food rationed control wages and prices still economic collapse in nationalist areas, paper money became worthless, lost middle class support

Question 14

American gave

Answer 14

3 billion and arms, Mao evidence never be truly independent nationalist , American focus rebuilding west Europe remove aid

Question 15

Red army establish

Answer 15

training institutions Airforce engineering schools, Japanese pilot train Chinese, but differences between Mao and Stalin would not go unrepaid

Question 16

divided

Answer 16

New government in Beijing, Taiwan not under control and Tibe

Question 17

‘old liberated areas’

Answer 17

‘people’s democratic governmenents’

Question 18

‘new liberated areas’

Answer 18

Military Control Commissions, not much support GMD, secret police, ethnic minorities, bandits

Question 19

Economy damaged

Answer 19

half railway destroyed, rivers blocked by sunken ships, cities short of electric power, soviets stripped manchuria of machinery when left, industrial production 44% of 1937 in 1949

Question 20

Agriculture decline

Answer 20

young men left villages in armies and armies marched on land and took food as they went 30% below 1937 in 1949, foriegn trade declined so rich moved to Taiwan and Hong Kong