1 - Global Systems and Global Governance Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
What is Globalisation?
A
Increasing interconnectedness of people around the world through the growth of the international flow of money, ideas and culture. Globalisation can be argued to primarily be an economic process of integration which has social and cultural aspects as well.
2
Q
Who is a famous coloniser?
A
Cecil Rhodes - wanted ‘cheap labour that is available from the natives of the colonies.’
3
Q
When did Globalisation start to take form as we know it?
A
Globalisation started to take form in the 1950s
- Post WW2 with solid trading blocs growing out of alliances formed
- Increasing the complexity of world trade
4
Q
What is the Maggie and Ronnie influence?
A
- Free market economies promoted by their governments in the 80s, with no government intervention. A model copied around the world.
- Allowed banks, insurers, and other investment companies to operate anywhere for the best returns.
5
Q
What are the two dimensions of globalisation?
A
The processes that allowed globalisation to take place, enabling the movement of tangible and intangible things around the world.
6
Q
What are the 8 Dimensions of Globalisation?
A
- Travel - Planes, Trains, Tourists, Workers, Freight
- Pollution - Global warming, Exploitation, Oceans, Atmosphere, Global Waste Trade
- Communication - Internet, phone, News
- Migration - Culture, Labour, Ideas, Knowledge
- Culture - Religion, Languages, Traditions, Food, Fashion, Music
- Money - Exchange, Markets, Stocks
- Trade - Labour, Food, Resources, Goods, Services, Foreign Direct Investment, TNCs
- Politics - Geopolitics, Wars, Ideologies, Neo-Colonialism, Partnerships/Alliances (e.g., EU)
7
Q
What are the things that flow globally?
PCLITS
A
- Products
- Capital (Trading)
- Labour
- Information (e.g., News)
- Technology (e.g., Apple)
- Services (e.g., UK finances)
8
Q
How does Marketing Services flow around the world?
A
A recognizable brand is developed, and one marketing strategy is used globally to advertise the product, generating economies of scale.
9
Q
What is Global Shift?
A
The filtering down of the manufacturing industry from developed countries to lower wage economies.
10
Q
What is the pattern of production in Developed countries?
A
- In 1954, 95% of manufacturing was in industrialised economies.
- Products were largely consumed in the country of origin.
- Decentralisation occurred due to FDI by TNCs into developing countries.
- Consequence = deindustrialisation in richer countries.
11
Q
What is the pattern of distribution & consumption?
A
- Product consumption predominantly lies in richer developed countries.
- Products manufactured in NEE economies are largely exported to Europe, NA, and Japan (e.g., Dyson moved production to Malaysia).
12
Q
By how much did employment in manufacturing in the UK fall from 1983 to 2013?
A
50%.
13
Q
What is the international division of labour created by Globalisation?
A
- Highly skilled, highly paid occupations are mostly in developed countries.
- Unskilled, poorly paid assembly occupations are in developing countries.
- This pattern is changing as NEEs become more affluent.
14
Q
How do New Technologies, communications and information systems help Globalisation?
A
- Information can be shared easily and cheaply with billions.
- Mobile phones connect people and markets in ways previously not possible.
15
Q
How does Global financial systems link to Globalisation?
A
- Banks and financial services operate globally, linked by systems—allowing lending and money flows. 🏦
- The 2007 credit squeeze and 2008 global banking crisis were triggered by the collapse of US house prices. 🏚️
16
Q
How do Transport Systems help Globalisation?
A
- A global transport network allows movement of people and goods across vast distances, creating new opportunities and threats.
17
Q
How has Security changed in relation to Globalisation?
A
- Traditional security measures have reduced in significance as boundaries become less of a barrier.
- Cybersecurity issues have become prominent due to reliance on information systems.
18
Q
What is Government Support in regards to Globalisation?
A
Support that a government gives to businesses to access global trade effectively, such as DIT, UK
19
Q
What’s an example of a company helped by UKTI?
A
Yorkshire Rocking Horses.
20
Q
What was the total number of passengers carried on scheduled services in 2019?
A
4.5 billion.
21
Q
What is a Pakistan dryport?
A
Ports that process documentation and customs paperwork to speed up the process for exporters in Pakistan.
22
Q
What are Bangladesh Export Processing Zones?
A
Economic enclaves where goods can be imported, manufactured, and reshipped with reduced duties.
23
Q
What is the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA)?
A
- Responsible for creating, developing, and operating EPZs to promote export-oriented businesses.
24
Q
How does BEPZA promote export-oriented businesses?
A
- Offers the first 3 years of a business in their EPZs to be tax exempt.
- Duty-free import of construction materials, machines & office equipment.
25
What is the average US electronics worker wage and hours?
$23 per hour, 41-hour work weeks.
26
What is the average China electronics worker wage and hours?
$2 per hour, 60-hour work weeks.
27
What is Economies of Scale?
A proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.
28
Where is Foxconn's largest factory worldwide?
Longhua Town, Shenzhen - 300,000 workers, 15 factories, worker dormitories, and its own city utilities.
29
What are Global Value Chains?
Different stages of production located in different areas around the world.
30
Why is Global Value Chains utilized?
Countries specialize in a specific part and become better at it.
31
What are Trade Agreements?
Rules covering trade between 2 or more countries, aiming to make trading easier by reducing restrictions.
32
What are the different types of Trade Blocs?
- Free Trade Areas
- Customs Unions
- Common Markets
33
How do Free Trade Areas work?
- Abolish Tariffs
- No quotas on trade
- Maintain restrictions on goods from outside the group (e.g., NAFTA/EFTA).
34
How do Customs Unions work?
- Members impose a tariff on goods from outside the group (e.g., Mercosur).
35
How do Common Markets work?
- Same as Customs Unions but allow free movement of labour and capital (e.g., EEC, now EU).
36
What is OECD?
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, an international organisation that works to improve economic and social well-being.
37
What are the global advantages of Trade Blocs? 🌍
- Compete globally with other trading entities 🏆
- Support particular sectors of a national economy 🏭
- Improve global peace and security ☮️
38
What are the Regional Advantages of Trade Blocs? 🏙️
- Allow free movement of trade ↔️
- Spread democracy & human rights✊
- Support remote or declining regions 📈
39
What are the Global Disadvantages of Trade Blocs?
🌎
- Loss of financial controls to a central authority
- Pressure to adopt central legislation
- Loss of sovereignty.
40
What is evidence of success of trade blocs according to OECD?
**2000 - 2019**
- Duty-free deals between emerging economies increased from 28% to 92%.
- Deals between rich and emerging nations lifted duty-free goods from 68% to 87%.
41
What was the EU rewarded?
Global Peace Prize in 1994.
42
What is OPEC?
**Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries**
- 12 countries controlling 80% of the world's oil reserves.
43
What are the three main dimensions of globalisation measured by KOF Globalisation Index?
Economic, Political, Social.
44
What countries have the lowest Globalisation index scores?
- Somalia
- DPRK
- Laos
- Myanmar.
45
What is the natural outcome of increasing globalisation?
Increasing interdependence of people and nations.
46
What are the four main sub-groups of globalisation?
Economic, Political, Social, Environmental.
47
What has to be set up to provide stability and consensus across nations?
International Political Organisations.
48
What are examples of International Political Organisations?
- The World Bank
- The International Monetary Fund
- World Trade Organisation.
49
What does the IMF do?
Oversee global financial stability.
50
What does the World Trade Organisation do?
- Supervise and liberalise trade by reducing barriers. 🚧
- Act as an arbitrator for trade problems. 👨⚖️
- Negotiate agreements for international commerce. 🤝
51
How is the UK Politically Interdependent?
Through…
- UN 🌐
- Global Development Organisations 🏬
- Allegiances 🤝
- Trade blocs 🧱
52
How is the UK Environmentally Interdependent?
Through COP addressing atmosphere, oceans, and pollution.
53
How is the UK Socially Interdependent?
Through migration and the spread of culture.
54
What positives does the Polish Labour Movement bring?
- Money sent back to Poland by emigrants (Remittance) 💸
- More workers for agriculture. 👨🌾
- Unemployment fell in Poland from 20% in 2004 to 7% in 2008. 📉
55
What negatives does the Polish Labour Movement bring?
- UK loss of £3 billion circulating in the host economy.
- Brain Drain - loss of highly skilled workers in Poland
- Pressure on NHS, education, and housing.
56
What is Outsourcing?
A cost-saving strategy where companies arrange for goods and services to be produced by others, usually in lower-cost locations.
57
How much of all electronics in the world does Foxconn produce?
40%.
58
What has been China's economic growth rate over the last 20 years?
10% per year since the early 1980s, currently around 5%.
59
When did China take over America as Africa's largest trading partner?
2009.
60
Are China or the USA the world's largest trader?
China, with $23T of goods traded in 2017.
61
Nigeria's resource / mineral examples
- Oil
- Coal
- Lead
- Tin
- Limestone
- Iron
- Niobium
- Znc
62
How much of world oil production does Nigeria account for?
2.9%.
63
Why does China want to trade with Africa?
- To grow biofuels 🌱
- Oil exploration 🛢️
- Iron mining ⛏️
- Farming 🚜
64
What does Africa get in return for China's trades?
- Capital investments.
- Improved infrastructure.
65
How much land is involved in oil exploration and iron mining in Zambia and Congo?
- 2 million hectares in Zambia 🇿🇲
- 2.8 million hectares in Congo 🇨🇩
66
What are the investments made by China in Mauritania and Sudan?
$4 billion investment in Mauritania and £5.6 billion in oil trade received by Sudan.
67
How much farmland was obtained by China in Africa between 2006-2009?
+ How many Chinese workers migrated
800,000 hectares of farmland obtained and 1 million Chinese farm laborers in Africa.
68
Examples of what Africas received in return for China's trades?
- 32 hospital units in DRC since 2010 🏥
- £3 billion in oil and road network projects in Ghana. 🛢️🛣️
69
What is Debt-trap diplomacy?
Securing political allegiances by getting them beholden to you through debt.
70
What is the Myth of the Chinese Debt Trap in Africa?
China's role in Africa is varied; one clear objective is to extract primary resources to support industrial expansion in China. However, evidence shows that China's investment is helping some poorer countries develop infrastructure, healthcare, and education.
71
What is the Belt and Road Initiative?
An economic belt of roads, pipelines, and railroads spreading over 70 different countries to increase trade—initiated by China
72
Is China losing its export prowess?
Yes, travel goods, furniture, clothing, etc., have all decreased from 2016 to 2022.
73
How can Globalisation cause conflict?
Shortages of goods, such as water, can lead to conflicts, exemplified by Syria's water shortages almost leading to war with Iraq in 1975.
74
Why might some people in poorer nations feel negatively about globalisation?
Richer nations are in the driving seat, leading to an unequal spread of wealth and exploitation of poorer nations.
75
How has trade been used as a weapon in conflict?
In 1979, the US imposed an embargo on Iran to halt nuclear weapon development, leading to significant economic losses for Iran.
76
What were the consequences of the sanctions imposed on Iran?
- $60 billion loss from energy sector ⚡️
- Huge increases in the cost of living 🏠
- 80% devaluation of Iranian Rial💰
- Shortages of drugs for treating various illnesses. 💊
77
What are Import Quotas?
A physical limit on the number of goods that can be imported into a country.
78
What are Import Licenses?
Licenses issued by national governments authorizing the importation of goods.
79
What are Subsidies?
Grants or monetary allowances awarded to domestic producers to help reduce costs and enhance competitiveness against imported goods.
80
What are Voluntary Export Restraints?
**When a country agrees to limit how much of a product it exports to another country**
A diplomatic strategy offered by the exporting country to appease the importing country and deter it from imposing trade barriers.
81
What are Embargos?
Partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country, usually for political reasons.
82
What is a barrier to trade?
A self-imposed government restraint on the flow of international goods or services.
83
What percent of world trade does the G7 account for?
50%.
84
What percent of world trade do the USA, Germany, and Japan account for?
25%.
85
How much does world trade account for in goods and services each year?
- Goods = $35 trillion
- Services = $7 trillion.
86
How much does inter-regional European trade account for in goods and services each year?
Goods = $7 trillion and Services = $5 trillion.
87
Which region has the fastest growth in world trade?
Asia Pacific.
88
Where is becoming the most important market for Sub-Saharan exports and why?
Europe, because it is closer than China.
89
What sector is the largest contributor to trade?
Machinery and export sector, which includes consumer electricals.
90
What is the Goal of Fair Trade?
To ensure fair wages, better working conditions, and sustainable farming.
91
What are the Positives of Fairtrade?
LFEDS
- Local experts, and local support 👨🔬
- Fixed Fairtrade premium 💳
- Equal pay 🟰
- Democratic and inclusive practices 🗳️
- Strong standards 💪
92
What are the Negatives of Fairtrade?
- May be misinterpreted & misunderstood 🤔
- Costly to join the Fairtrade network ($600 & Annual $1300 - $4000) 💸
- No guaranteed buyer for the farmer 🚫
- Only fraction of produce grown gets sold as "fair-trade" 🍕
- Most fair trade items come from relatively rich nations 🌎
- None fairtrade farmers were better off than fairtrade farmers 👨🌾
93
What is Ethical Investment?
When people or institutions choose to put their money into companies that align with their values—like protecting the environment, treating workers fairly, or avoiding harmful industries (like tobacco or weapons).
94
Examples of ethical investment firms (banks)
- Triodos Bank
- Al Rayan Bank (Operate under Sharia Law)
95
Examples of ethnical investments (orgs)
Leonardo DiCaprio (2015)
- & Coalition of 2000 individuals pulled investment from fossil fuel companies
96
What is the USMCA?
**Formerly NAFTA—United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement**
- Worlds largest free trade zones
- 510 million people
- Represents 30% of worlds economy
97
How much does three countries in USMCA trade?
$1.2T annually
98
What does the USMCA allow for?
- Fairer wages ⚖️
- New protection for intellectual property 📄
- Stronger laws on the environment 🌳
99
What is the CPTPP?
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
- Include Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, NZ, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam
- US were part of the previous TPP (Trans-pacific partnership) until Trump piled out in 2016
- UK joined 2021
100
What is an LDC?
Least Developed Countries
101
Where are LDCs located?
33 in Africa
9 In Asia
4 in Oceania
1 in Caribbean's
102
What are MDG's?
**Millennium Development Goals**
* A set of 8 global development goals established by the UN in 2000.
* Goal to lift up all LDC’s
103
What is GNI?
Gross National Income
104
What is HAI?
Human Assets Index
- Score given to a country based on social criteria
105
What is EVI?
Economic Vulnerability Index
- About the resilience of a countries economy
106
How do we decide who is an LDC?
- Lowest HDI score countries
- Reviewed every 3 years by the UN
- Have particular GNI (3 year average of <$905), HAI & EVI
107
What is the HIPC?
Heavily Indebted Poor Country Program
- Allows a restructuring of debt to other countries if criteria are met such as spending money on education
108
What is an SDT?
Special and Differential treatment agreements
- UN Created the LDC's in 1971 as a group of countries that would get provided special support to overcome their specific disadvantages and SDTs are a form of aid they practice
109
What are the aims of SDT?
**Tackle LDC handicaps such as** ♿️
- Low income ⬇️
- Primary product dependency 1️⃣
- Vulnerability to export price volatility📉
**More advantageous involvement in world trade by incentivizing export diversification** = stable export revenue
110
What are features of SDT’s that LDCs enjoy thanks to WTO?
- Have a SDT as a right 📜
- Flexibility of WTO rules to allow trade to develop 📈
- More freedom to subsidise exports 💰
- Able to restrict imports to a greater degree than other countries 🛬
- Privileged access to markets, particularly in developed nations 🏅
111
What are the Benefits of SDT's?
- Promotes economic development 💹
- Diversify countries economies
- Economies can achieve 'take off' 🛫
- Develops service/tourism industries🛬
- Some development of manufacturing has developed - but this has been less successful 🏭
112
What are the Disadvantages of SDT's?
- If not members of WTO, could take 8-10 years to join 🎟️
- WTO Doha collapsed over fine-tuning of SDT arrangements 🔧
- LDC's not always aware they exist and don't use them productively 🤔
- Not always tailored to suit the conditions in LDC's 👔
- HIC's are concerned that SDT's will cause cheap products to flood their markets putting their own industries in jeopardy 🌊
113
Banana Industry:
Global Production
Top Producers
Consumption
Exports
**Global production:**
- ~135M tons (2022)
**Top producers:**
- India (29M tons)
- China (11M tons)
- Philippines, Ecuador & Brazil (~7M each)
**Consumption:**
- 80% eaten locally in producing countries
**Exports:**
- ~20M tons yearly
114
Environmental Impacts of Banana Trade
**Monoculture:**
- Cavendish = 97% of trade: vulnerable to disease
**Chemicals:**
- High pesticide & fertiliser use → water, soil, & health damage
**Waste:**
- Plastic pollution & soil erosion
**Biodiversity loss:**
- Deforestation, habitat destruction
115
the banana trade, main countries involved and the main TNCs involved.
Top exporters: Ecuador, Philippines, Costa Rica, Colombia, Guatemala
TNCs: Dole, Del Monte, Chiquita, Fyffes
Retail control: Supermarkets push prices down → low wages & poor conditions
116
Banana Republic
117
Banana Trade Wars
1990s EU favored ex-colonies & wanted to fund more SDTs
US TNCs protested they want SDTs too (Latin America = US companies)
WTO ruled against EU → didnt let the countries have special accesses
118
What is the Race to the Bottom?
Price cuts → worse labor conditions
Temporary, casual jobs rise
Weak union rights, longer hours, lower wages
119
Role of Fair Trade in Bananas
Fair wages for farmers
Better working conditions
Sustainable farming
Supports communities through social programs
120
What is GVC
Global Value Chain
* The full range of activities that economic actors engage in to bring a product to market. The global value chain does not only involve production processes, but preproduction and postproduction processes.
121
Figures of wasted foods by TNCs
2024
40% of bakery
65% of salads
122
What is the Spacial organisation of a TNC like?
**HQ:**
* Most likely HIC, Major Cities, Highly skilled workers, Proximity to other businesses (banking, insurance, advertsing), Highly developed transport links, favourable business conditions, technology ie. internet
**R&D:**
* HIC & Increasng number in NEE, Access to technology, Skilled workorce, Transport links,
**Manufacturing**
* LIC & NEE (depends), Affordable labour, Country specialisations,
**Resources**
* Depends on resource
**Market**
* Where wealth is found (HIC & NEE)
123
Diversity of the Top 10 companies in the world (Fortnune Global)
3 are Chinese State Owned
1 Saudi Arabia Owned
6 American Owned
124
According to UNCTAD - United Nations conference on trade and development
80% of trade takes place in 'value chains' linked to transnational corporations
125
What is Horizontal Integration?
A company acquiring or merging with other companies that operate at the same stage of the value chain in the same industry, aiming to increase market share, reduce competition, and potentially achieve economies of scale.
126
What is Vertical Integration?
When a company takes ownership of suppliers, distributors, or retail locations to obtain greater control of its supply chain.
127
Why are BP Vertically Integrated?
To control the entire oil and gas value chain, from exploration and production to refining and distribution, allowing them to leverage expertise across multiple domains and potentially increase efficiency and profit margins.
128
How 2008 Crisis happen
Investment companied bought mortgage loans (sub prime) resulting in these loans, unable to be paid back in 2008 when living cost rose and people defaulted their payments
129
Social and Cultural impacts of Globalisation
* Ideas, lifestyle and traditions
* Cultural homogeny / fading distinctions / over-standardisation
* Glocalisation
* News (Ukraine > fuel prices)
130
What is Glocalisation?
The practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations.
Eg. Mcdonalds custom burgers (Ebi Fillet-O Burger Japan)
Tesco different name in US
131
Environmental impacts of Globalisation
* Packaging using more plastic
* Enhaced green house effects
* Envasive species (American Squirrels and Crayfish)
132
What are Gyres
Big clumps of plastic in oceans
133
How big is the Pacific Garbage Patch?
3x france
134
How have NEE/NICs benefitted or not from Globalisation?
* FDI into countries benefit economy
* TNC's create employment
* Easier to trade
* Environmental burden by TNC
* Brain Drain
135
How have TNCs benefitted or not from Globalisation?
* More revenue / profits
* Opens up new markets
* Cheaper labour
* Allows them to use GVCs
* Can be considered unethical
136
How have Regional trading blocs benefitted or not from Globalisation?
* Cheaper resources & goods
* More cooperation & no conflicts
137
How have International organisations (IMF, World Bank, WTOs) benefitted or not from Globalisation?
* More unity and cooperation between countries
* Disagreemenrs mean slow decision making
* More members more power
138
How have LDCs benefitted or not from Globalisation?
* Exploited for resources, goods & labour
* Easier to trade
* FDI creates jobs
139
How have Environments benefitted or not from Globalisation?
* Loss of natural habitats
* Invasive species
140
OZTEC Uganda
141
everything but arms
142
What is a Global Commons?
Resource domains or areas that lie outside of the political reach of any nation or state - "supra-national" spaces
143
What is Supra-national?
A multinational political union where negotiated power and governing and authority is delegated by member states
144
Where are places common shared resources can be found.
International law recognises four global commons:
1. The high seas (international waters)
2. The atmosphere
3. Antarctica
4. Outer space
145
What are the shared resources in the Global Commons?
**High seas**
* Fish
**Atmosphere**
* Oxygen
**Antarctica**
* Oil
**Outer Space**
* Minerals
**Internet**
* Information
146
What is the principle of common heritage?
* International law established that some localities belong to all humanity
147
What is the Tragedy of the commons?
A situation in which individuals with access to a public resource—also called a common—act in their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource.
148
What is an example of the tragedy of the commons?
* Late 90's
* 3 billion tons of Atlatnic Cod annually
* By the end of 90's the biggest fishery in the world collapsed
149
What was the Cod Wars?
**1958-1976**
* War on sea waters between Iceland & Britain
* Happened 3 times
150
What Global Governance is at the Global Commons?
**High seas**
* UN Conventions of the law of the sea (UNCLOS)
**Atmosphere**
* UNited Nationa Conventions on Climate Change (UNCCC)
**Antarctica**
* Antarctic Treaty Systems (ATS)
**Outer Space**
* 1979 Moon Treaty & Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space
151
What is the Antarctic Convergence?
A curve continously encircling Antarctica, varying in latitude seasonally, where cold, northward-flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the sub Antarctic.
152
What are Nunataks?
The peak of a mountain visible above the Antartic ice
153
Antarctica Average temperature
-49Cº
154
Antarctica mean wind speed?
80kmph
155
Antarctica precipiation (mm/yr)
50mm per annum
156
How much Krills in Antarctica?
30,000 per cubic meter
157
What happened with Sealing in Antarctica
By 1800 the first major Antarctic industry, sealing, head wiped out the entire seal populatuion of South Georgia, then the operation moved to South Shetland Isles where a further 300,000 were kiled almost eradicating the population
Seals fats were used for oil
158
What happened with Whaling in Antarctica
In the 20th century alone, scientists estimate that nearly 3 million whales were killed for commercial purposes. This led to the catastrophic decline of global whale populations, with some species, like blue whales, experiencing a reduction of up to 90%
| They are
159
What happened with Cod fishing in Antarctica
In the 1990s, Atlantic cod popuilation fell to 1% of historic levels, due to decades of overfishing. Starting in the 1970s, powerful trawlers equipped with advanced radar and sonar systems allowed comercial fishermen to collect cod from a larger area and fish more deeply and for longer periods than ever before
160
A single 90-foot blue whale could yield up to how many barrels of oil?
120
161
International Whaling Commission
1946: the IWC began work on reducing whaling to save their numbers
1985: most countries agreed to a ban on whaling, however some countries agreed to reduce numbers fished
162
Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary Facts
* In 1994 an area of 50 million sq kilometres was designated whaling free - illegal
* Japan opposed the agreement
* Jaoan, Norway and Iceland form the pro-whaling lobby
* The status of this sanctuary is to be reviews every 10 years
* Japan continues to hunt the region for 'Scientific' purposes - this has causes international tension
* Since 1960s fishing was taken over for species such as Antarctic rock cod and krill, particularly by Russia and Japan
163
Krill Facts
* Healthy source of protein food used in SE Asia
* Used as food supplement globally - krill oil
* Particularly high in omega 3 fatty acids and astacanthin
* Demands high prices - 100 oil capsules = £40
* Sudden recent demand could have catastrophic effects
164
Where in the world is the average temperature rising the fastest?
Antarctica
| & the Antarctic circumpolar current
165
Western Antarctica has experienced a ...ºC warming over the last 50 years
| Surrounding waters have warmed by how many degrees sinch 1955?
50ºC
| 1º
166
Impacts of the warming of Antarctica?
* Distribution of penguin colobies has changed
* Melting snow/ice has increased plant colonisation
* Decline in krill numbers
* Glaciers and ice shelves are retreating
* Ice shelf melting does not add to sea level rise, but does allow glacial flow rate of ice behind to speed up into the ocean - this will cause sea level rise
167
Reprieve in Antarctica
Antarctic as a whole is expected to warm slightly over the nect 50 years - however, the increase rate of sea ice melting will be partly off-set by increased precipitation as snow fall
168
What is the East Antarctica and sea ice expansion and why is it increasing?
* There has been some increases in sea ice in the eastern regions. Sea ice is a thin layer 1-2 metres thick
* Increasing westerly winds caysed by climate change
* More rain and snow layering the southern ocean with a cool denser layer
* Increased storms reducing the salinisation concentration of the southern ocean (water with reduced salt levels freezes more easily)
* Increased melting of continental land ice meaning more floatinhg ice bergs contributing to sea ice formation (they help cool the water)
169
What is Ocean Acidification & what are the effects?
* CO2 + H2O = carbonic acid (more CO2 in the atmosphere due to human activity)...acid rain
* Recudes alkalinity of the ocean
* Polar and sub-polar ecosystems are expected to become so low in carbonate ions
* Shells and skeletons or organisms become corroded as alkaline protection from water is lost
* Food webs disrupted
170
What minerals is found in Antarctica and what is it used for?
**Molybdenum**
* Used as glass furnace elctrodes due to its high melting point
* Also used in petroleum industry
171
Number of Tourism in Antarctica then vs now
2002: 15K
2022: 30K
172
What are the three Antarctica tourism types?
* Camping trips for naturalisrs, photographers and journalists
* Ship-board visits, largely by cruise ships but also by converted Russian ice breakers
* Over-flights - these have restarted after an interval of neaerly 20 years following the crash of Air New Zealand DC10 on Mount Erebus, in which all passengers died.
173
What evidence is there to suggest the environmental impacts on Antarctica from tourism has been minimal?
* Its a well done industry
* Damage to vegetation's been due to natural causes
* No litters attributed to tourists
* No stress on penguins
* Seals are indifferent
* Only 5/200 landing sites showed any wear and tear
174
Despite the encouraging signs on Antarctic tourism, what are some concerns?
* The ecosystem is extremely fragile - disturbances leave their imprint for a long time
* Summer toursits season coincides with peak wildlife breeding periods
175
The concepts of resilience, mitigation and adaptation all relate to the survival of species and maintenance of biodiversity. These are researched by who?
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
176
What concepts are changing too quickly for Antarctic species to adapt due to climate change?
* Increasing sea temperatures
* Ocean acidification
* Expanding sea ice cover in some areas
* Loss of sea ice and land ice cover in other areas
* Higher intensities of ultraviolet radiation
177
What is IAATO?
**International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators**
A member organisation founded in 1991 to advocate and promote the practuce of safe and environmentally responsible private-sector travel to the Antarctic
178
What is the Antarctic Treaty System?
The main remedy for the international governance of Antarctica. Improved scientific knowledge and more advanced equipment have allowed greater access to Antarctica.
179
Examples of UN's Sustainable Development Goals
1. No Poverty 💸
2. Zero Hunger 🍽️
3. Good Health and Well-Being 🫀
4. Quality Education 📖
5. Gender Equality 👫
6. Clean Water 🚰
etc
Read the Thailand Homework
180
1997 saw the first major climate agreement which was?
**Kyoto Protocol**
* Signed by all except Afghanistan, Canada, Sudan & USA
181
Why was the Paris Agreement so significant?
Aims to hold global temp rise to 1.5ºC
182
As a result of Globalisation many NGOs have...?
Developed a more global approach to their work and have expanded out of their countries of origin
183
What key role does NGOs play?
Humanitarian and moralistic governance of the world
* They dont tie themselves to any governmental agendas
184
What are Operational NGOs?
* Operate frontline support i places that need support
* Funding tends to come from publi donations
* Bottom-up projects
185
What are Advocacy NGOs?
* Groups that try to raise awareness and gain support for a cause
Eg. Greenpeace
186
What Inequalities and injustices exist in Global Governance?
(3 Gaps)
The Jurisdictional Gap
The Incentive Gap
The Participation Gap
187
What is the Jurisidiction Gap?
**Gap between the increasing need for governance in many areas such as health and wayer, yet there is a lack of authority with the power or jurisdiction to take action**
Eg. Meeting the Paris Agreement climate targets, a legally blinding agreement. Countries failing targets to have to have a meeting with researchers
188
# Wja
What is the Incentive Gap?
**Gap between the need for intentional cooperation and the motivation to undertake it. (Globalisation os howrver making countries cooperate more, but some eg. Africa have less inputs as they lag further behind economically**
Eg. HICs stockpile vast quantities of vaccines to deal with epidemics
189
What is the Participation Gap?
**Those involved in decision making are primarily governments and civil groups are very much on the periphery of policy making. Globalisation of commiunication is allowing civil groups a louder voice**
Eg. No global agency tasked with thinking about the long-term trends in food security and agriculture, while millions go hungry around the world
