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AQA A-level Human Geography > 2 - Changing Places > Flashcards

2 - Changing Places Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

What is the concept of a place?

A

Specific location that means something to a person or a group of people. It is essential to geographers because events may have happened in the specific place.

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2
Q

What is the tourist gaze?

A

Places organized by business entrepreneurs and governments, and consumed by the public. Marketed and managed by tourism professionals who mediate our experience of the place.

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3
Q

What is a location?

A

Where a place is on a map, its latitude and longitude coordinates, for example 40°47’N 73°58 W (Central Park, New York City).

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4
Q

What is a locale?

A

What each place is made up of - a series of locales or settings where everyday life activities take place, such as an office, a park, a home, or a church.

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5
Q

What is sense of place (place meaning)?

A

The subjective (personal) and emotional attachment to place, its meaning.

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6
Q

What is the relationship between intensity of experience and depth of attachment to a place graph?

A

X axis - Intensity of place; Y axis - Attachment to a place.

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7
Q

How did the Humanist geographer, Yi-Fu Tuan, describe the way that our understanding of the environment and our attachment to it expands with age?

A

He suggested that our geographical horizons expand in parallel with our physical ability to explore the world.

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8
Q

How does place relate to identity?

A

Our sense of place, the meaning we give to a location, can be so strong that it features as a central part of our identity.

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9
Q

How can changing places affect identities?

A

Changes may result in community members’ increased awareness of themselves as a ‘people’, living in a particular place.

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10
Q

What are some other names for people with greater consciousness of, and loyalty to, a place?

A
  • Localism
  • Regionalism
  • Nationalism
  • Patriotism
  • Even pro-Europeanism, according to the scale involved.
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11
Q

How are people excluded in social and spatial exclusion?

A

Anybody whose behavior varies from what is seen as ‘normal’ may feel uncomfortable. Excluded groups may include ethnic minorities, immigrants, and local nationals.

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12
Q

What is an insider’s status on place of birth?

A

Born in X or their parents were born there.

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13
Q

What is an outsider’s status on place of birth?

A

Not born in X; they are an immigrant and/or their parents and grandparents were immigrants.

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14
Q

What is an insider’s status on citizenship?

A
  • Permanent resident.
  • Holds a passport of Country X.
  • Can work, vote, claim benefits like free housing and healthcare.
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15
Q

What is an outsider’s status on citizenship?

A
  • Temporary visitor.
  • Holds a foreign passport and/or limited visa to stay in X.
  • May not be able to work, vote, claim benefits.
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16
Q

What is an insider’s status on language capacity?

A

Fluent in the local language.

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17
Q

What is an outsider’s status on language capacity?

A

Not fluent. Does not understand local idioms (variations or slang).

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18
Q

What is an insider’s status on social interactions: behavior and understanding?

A
  • Understands unspoken rules of the society of X.
  • Conforms to local norms.
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19
Q

What is an outsider’s status on social interactions: behavior and understanding?

A

Frequently makes faux pas or misunderstands social interactions.

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20
Q

What is an insider’s status on state of mind?

A

Safe, secure, happy - feels at home or ‘in place’ in country X.

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21
Q

What is an outsider’s status on state of mind?

A

Homesick, alienated, in exile - feels ‘out of place’.

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22
Q

What do anthropologists do?

A

People who travel to the far-flung corners of the Earth, investigating the customs and cultures of human communities.

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23
Q

What can the phenomenon and perception of distance between ‘us’ and ‘them’ prompt?

A

Prompts a wide range of different human behavior, including the use of mildly mocking terms and racially motivated hate crime.

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24
Q

What’s a different approach to the ‘other’?

A

The inspiration for the international Fairtrade movement aims to reduce inequalities between ‘us’ and ‘them’.

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25
What is Topophilia?
The human love of place, described as diffuse as a concept, vivid and concrete as personal experience.
26
How do we acquire a sense of place?
Media representations of some places help us make sense of the world; however, it is rarely accurate.
27
What is Genius loci?
- 'Spirit of a place'. - Often used in planning to describe the key characteristics of a place.
28
How is the idea that every place has a true nature debated?
- Human geographers argue that all place-meanings are socially constructed. - Different people notice different things about the same place.
29
What are factors that contribute to the character of places?
Different aspects of local, regional, national, and international geography.
30
How can demographic and economic characteristics also shape places?
- Accents and local dialects vary greatly. - Census data about a population may tell you more about a local community than analyzing the dialect.
31
What are Endogenous factors?
The local demographic characteristics and the physical geography of a place that help to shape its unique character.
32
What are the endogenous factors?
- Land use (agricultural, urban, industrial). - Economic characteristics (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary industries). - Location (height above sea level, coastal location).
33
What are Exogenous factors?
The relationships with other places, such as a village supplying workers to a nearby town.
34
What things are moved across places as exogenous factors?
- People - Money and investment - Resources - Ideas.
35
What is place marketing?
When the perception of a place needs to be managed, marketing or public relations organizations may be employed to improve or create positive perceptions.
36
What strategies are used for place marketing?
- Ad campaigns - TV, Radio, Social Media. - Official website for the place. - Attractions and events to increase positive public perception.
37
What was a very successful place marketing campaign?
Pembrokeshire National Park Campaign 2012 - to coincide with the Olympics.
38
What is rebranding?
When a place needs to discard its negative perceptions.
39
What are the main aims of rebranding?
Make the place a desirable place to live, invest in, and visit for social and recreational purposes.
40
What is the role of corporate bodies?
Organizations responsible for promoting tourism in the UK, such as Visit Britain.
41
How can community and local groups take an active role in rebranding an area?
These groups often manage and improve the perception of their place to attract investment and improve opportunities.
42
What does Urban Roots Community Group do?
Allows local people to have a significant role in the rebranding of their own communities.
43
What did URC do for Community Woodlands?
Worked with the community to improve the woodlands for people and wildlife since 2009.
44
What did URC do for Food and Health?
Deliver a range of activities, including food growing and promoting healthier eating.
45
How is Urban Roots community group helping to rebrand South Glasgow?
Helping locals feel positive and creating a positive image of the community.
46
Where is Totnes?
Devon, 30 mins from Plymouth.
47
What is Totnes?
A tourist honeypot known for its quirky, alternative, eco, and independent businesses.
48
What strategies did they use in the 2012 Costa Coffee opposition?
- Protests - Letters to local government - Petitions.
49
What was the result of the 2012 Costa coffee opposition?
They won and made sure no other clones colonized.
50
What was the Totnes / Bristol Pound?
An e-cash system used only for local businesses to promote community cohesion.
51
What are examples of Changing places in differences of scale?
- Large scale: Cardiff - Medium scale: Milton Keynes - Small scale: Portland Road.
52
What was the Bristol Pound?
A non-profit organization backed by the Bristol credit union for local transactions.
53
What was the Osney lock hydro scheme?
The first community-owned hydro scheme built on the River Thames, expected to raise £2 million for local environment projects.
54
What is the history of Portland road, London from 1850 - 1957?
- Built in the 1850s next to a gypsy camp. - Attracted posh tenants.
55
What is the history of Portland road, London from 1957 - 2000?
- Gentrification occurred after the abolition of rent control. - Middle class moved in.
56
What is the history of Portland road, London from 2000 - now?
- Family partnered with the Rothschilds, transforming the area into a cash farm.
57
What is Management and manipulation of the presentation of place?
Perceptions of international places are influenced more by the media than by personal experience.
58
Who manages the perception of the UK?
UK government, monarchy, and British council.
59
What is Representation?
Signs and symbols that convey ideas and inform people about places.
60
What are Ordinance Survey Maps?
Attempt to provide an objective representation of the area they cover.
61
What is Formal Representation?
Tends to be more objective based on facts rather than feelings or emotions.
62
How can places be formally represented?
- Statistical representation such as census or geospatial data.
63
What is Abstract Representation?
Doesn't show geographical locations but rather relationships between places.
64
How can places be Abstractly represented?
Public transport maps, such as the Tube Map.
65
What is Informal Representation?
Do not necessarily show what actually exists and tend to be creative.
66
Can places be formally represented?
Statistical representation such as census or geospatial data (e.g., GIS). 90% of data collected over the last decade is geographically located. Census is taken every 10 years to paint a picture of a nation and how we live in it.
67
What is Abstract Representation?
Doesn't show geographical locations but rather the relationship between places. OS maps are also considered abstract.
68
How can places be Abstractly represented?
Public transport maps (e.g., Tube Map).
69
What is Informal Representation?
Do not necessarily show what actually exists. Tend to be creative, selective, and stylised.
70
How can places be informally represented?
Art, TV, films, music, photography (e.g., propaganda).
71
What stereotypes do the lyrics of 'Empire State of Mind' by Alicia Keys convey about New York?
Famous as a place of movie scenes. Sleeps tonight with a hunger for more than an empty concrete jungle.
72
What is East Oxford's Historical Context?
Built for factory workers in the Victorian era (mainly brewing and jam industry). Built in the east of the city due to the prevailing winds and factory smoke. Prior to 1880, it was farmland.
73
What is the descriptive approach?
Method of studying and analysing geographical phenomena through the collection and presentation of factual information.
74
What is social constructionism?
A theoretical perspective that emphasises the role of social processes, human interactions, and cultural factors in shaping and constructing our understanding of space, place, and the environment.
75
What is the phenomenological approach?
A perspective that's interested in how an individual person experiences place, recognizing a highly personal relationship between place and person.
76
What are insiders?
Individuals or groups who have an intimate and firsthand knowledge of a particular place or cultural context.
77
When was London Portland Road built?
1850s.
78
Why was Portland Road built and how many families would live in one residence in 1850?
To attract posh tenants. 12 families (65p per family).
79
What happened to the northern end of Portland Road?
Demolished for social housing estates - Nottingwood House.
80
What happened in 1957?
Government abolished rent control (maximum charge for room). Middle class moved in - Gentrification. Rent tripled in price.
81
What happened in 1975?
Traffic barrier of higher and lower classes.
82
Describe the 3 areas of Portland Road.
Northern average price: 340k. Middle end average price: 1.5 million. Southern end average price: 3.5 million.
83
Describe Milton Keynes as a changing place.
Built in the 1960s. Government decided a further generation of new towns in the South East of England was needed to relieve housing congestion in London.
84
Describe Cardiff as a changing place.
Late 1800s, one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Was a classic industrial Victorian city.
85
What is Cardiff like now?
Tertiary jobs and heritage.
86
What does the Lonely Planet Guide convey about Detroit and why?
Comeback with gentrification. Negative view of its abandoned vibe. Gentrification improving land use.
87
What does Visit Detroit convey about Detroit and why?
Sets it under a good light. Highlights facilities with activities and its rich history.
88
Where is Detroit?
N.E. USA, Michigan, on Detroit River, between Lake St Clair / Lake Erie (Great Lakes).
89
What is the colonial history of Detroit?
French colonists founded Fort Pontchartrain du Detroit in 1701; advantageous physical geography.
90
What features are on the Detroit flag?
13 stars and stripes to represent the 13 colonies/states at the time, 5 fleur-de-lis to represent the French, 3 lions to represent the British.
91
What was the 'Gilded Age' Mansions?
19th century. Shipping and shipbuilding brought wealth to the city.
92
What was the Steel Belt boom?
Detroit saw significant population growth into the 19th century. New manufacturing techniques pioneered by Henry Ford.
93
Why did millions of black Americans migrate to the Detroit region?
In search of employment in car factories. Racism was rife in southern states.
94
Explain the Early 1900s of Detroit.
Henry Ford developed the assembly lines, leading to faster production.
95
Explain Post 1930 of Detroit.
Fourth largest city in America. Stock exchange crash caused decline in car production.
96
How did the White Flight cause economic prosperities to slow down significantly in Detroit?
Lots of tax revenue for Detroit City government. White businesses left the city, reducing circulating money in the economy.
97
How did competition cause economic prosperities to slow down significantly in Detroit?
International oil crisis 1973 encouraged drivers to purchase cars with better fuel economy.
98
How did the 1973 oil crisis cause economic prosperities to slow down significantly in Detroit?
Suspension of oil from the Middle East due to the US supporting Israel drove inflation up.
99
Describe Detroit's Spiral of Decline.
Racial tensions running high, increasing segregation, negative reputation grows.
100
How does Drosscape by Locrian represent Detroit's urban area?
Discordant sounds - jarring, screeching, broken industrial sounds.
101
What are examples of dereliction in Detroit?
Central Station, Packard automotive plant, Belle Isle Zoo.
102
Recap Detroit 1970s.
Closing industries, rising unemployment, struggling local government, rising crime.
103
What happened in the Rebranding of Detroit (regeneration)?
Detroit backed the auto industry. Ford built the 'Renaissance Centre', generating over $1B of economic growth.
104
What did General Motors do?
Bought the complex in 1996. In 2009 filed for bankruptcy.
105
What happened in the continued rebranding (regeneration) in Detroit?
The mayor backed the compulsory sale of land to enable new high tech car plants to be built.
106
What are the key events in Detroit?
1967 - Race riots, 1973 - First Black Mayor, 2009 - GM files for Bankruptcy.
107
What are the signs of change in Detroit?
Redevelopment of the waterfront, 3.5 miles of the Detroit river with parks and open green space.
108
What are the signs of racial integration in Detroit?
Used to be a leader in black employment. First city in the US to have a black mayor.
109
What happened in the 1967 riot, Detroit?
AKA 12th street riot. 43 dead, 1189 injured, 7200 arrested.
110
What were the Alter Road barricades?
Physical barriers placed between Detroit City and Grosse Pointe to segregate black people.
111
What is the demographic of Grosse Pointe Park?
10% Black, 85% White.
112
What was the black demographic of Grosse Pointe Park in 2000?
Less than 3% Black.
113
What is the white demographic of Grosse Pointe Farm?
95%.
114
What is the black demographic of Detroit?
83%.
115
What is the source of the information on the Alter road barrier?
Detroit census data and geospatial data.
116
Examples of musical descriptions of Detroit?
Lose Yourself - Eminem, Y.B.P. - Danny Brown.

AQA A-level Human Geography (3 decks)

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