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1 intro Flashcards

1
Q

white spots in back of throat

A

group A strep throat

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2
Q

measles

A

koplik’s spots

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3
Q

measles

A
  • highly contagious

- child should be quarantined

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4
Q

varicella zoster virus (shingles)

A
  • 1/2 of body has sores

- should not contact pregnant women

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5
Q

caries pathogen

A

strep mutans

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6
Q

pathogenic diseases found in oral cavity

A

caries, gingivitis, TB, pneumonia, whooping cough, gonorrhea, syphilis, clhlamydia

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7
Q

viruses found in oral cavity

A

influenza, measles, herpes simplex, epstein barr, hep B and C, HIV

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8
Q

how to think about infections

A 
encounter
entry
spread
multiplication
damage
outcome
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9
Q

virulence

A

ability to cause disease

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10
Q

susceptibility of host

A

predisposition for infection

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11
Q

incubation period

A

time between exposure and onset of symptoms

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12
Q

reservoir

A

host species in which a pathogen can be maintained indefinitely with no or few ill effects

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13
Q

encounter: where pathogens come from?

A

environment, infected person, infected insect or animal, normal flora

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14
Q

types of transmission

A

vertical, horizontal, iatrogenic, nosocomial

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15
Q

vertical transmission

A

transplacental, birth, neonatal

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16
Q

horizontal

A

all other types

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17
Q

iatrogenic

A

by healthcare workers (nonsterile)

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18
Q

nosocomial

A

hospital setting

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19
Q

entry: how pathogens get insde

A

mucosa of respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital
cornea
skin

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20
Q

entry of pathogens that don’t cross epithelial borders

A

inhalation
ingestion
sexual contact

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21
Q

entry or pathogens crossing epithelial barriers

A

insect bites
wounds
medical or dental procedures (organ transplants, blood transfusions)

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22
Q

spread

A

from original site or distant

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23
Q

rotavirus infects elsewhere after spread

A

entry in intestinal epithelium, local disease (diarrhea)

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24
Q

poliovirus infects elsewhere after spread

A

entry in the intestinal epithelium, then spread to blood, then to CNS (paralysis)

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25
pathogen damages host directly
1. cell death bc of toxin or multiplication 2. altered cellular metabolism due to effects of toxin or multiplication 3 mechanical obstruction
26
pathogen damages host indirectly (host response)
1 damage due to inflammation | 2 damage due to the immune response
27
possible outcomes of pathogen
host wins organism wins they coexist
28
microbiota (normal flora)
10x microbial than human cells
29
normally colonized areas
``` skin nose and oropharynx mouth large intestine genital system urinary tract eyes lungs ```
30
low amounts of microbes in which areas
urinary tract, eyes, and lungs
31
normally sterile (no microbes)
blood | deep tissues and organs
32
microbiota may be good
keeps out invaders, stimulates the immune system
33
microbiota may be bad
colonization with a pathogenic microbe may increase the chances of developing disease
34
microbiota may be harmless
if microbes stay where they belong but may cause disease if they go elsewhere or if the host state changes (antibiotics, weakened immunity)
35
physical barriers for host defense
skin mucous membranes fluid flow like saliva + urine
36
chemical barriers for host defense
saliva + mucus
37
constitutive host defenses
inflammatory response complement phagocytoses
38
induced defenses
antibodies + T-cells
39
how do microbes avoid host defenses?
avoid being washed away by fluids like adhering to host cells with pili - avoid complement (block complement activation) - avoid phagocytosed by having a capsule - avoid immune response by varying surface antigens
40
pili
- threadlike structures found on the bacterial surface | - contain adhesins that bind host cell receptors
41
how are infections treated
antibiotics
42
problem with antibiotics
- resistance - do not work against viruses, fungi, and parasites - diseases may be caused by bacterial toxins (botulism) instead of live bacteria
43
measles virus is also called
rubeola
44
symptoms of measles
fever COUGH CORYZA (runny nose) CONJUNCTIVITIS ( red, watery eyes)
45
2-3 days after measles
koplik's spots (white spots in mouth)
46
3-5 days after measles
rash (head, then body)
47
encounter of measles
direct contact with airborne droplets
48
how long can measles survive for in the air
2 hours
49
entry of measles
respiratory tract
50
spread of measles
respiratory tract->blood (viremia)-> other organs like skin (rash)
51
damage from measles
virus (cytotoxicity) and host (imune response)
52
viremia
presence of viruses in blood
53
measles epidemiology
EXTREMELY INFECTIOUS- 4 days before the rash to 4 days after
54
live attenuated vaccine for Measles
``` MMR (measles, mumps, rubella . 1963) 2 doses: 1yr and 4-6 yr lifelong immunity >95% -has reduced measles in US from 4,000,000 to 50 cases/yr -but epidemic since 2000 ```
55
what causes measles cases and outbreaks
unvaccinated travellers to philippines where there was a huge outbreak - travelers may bring it back from other countries - measles are not common in US but still common in other parts of the world - people who visit you from other countries can bring it with them
56
most people who got measles were
unvaccinated
57
mild measles complications
bacterial: otitis media, pneumonia viral: pneumonia
58
severe measles complications
.1-.3% mortality among small children - measles encephalitis (1 in 1000, week 2); 10-20% mortality - subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis (SSPE) (1 in 1,000,000 cases, years later, usually fatal
59
important points about measles
highly contagious and NOT benign | -preventable by vaccination (safe, effective, no link to autism)
60
is there a link between autism and measles?
NO link between autism and measles

infectious disease (7 decks)

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