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4 pyogenic cocci Flashcards

1
Q

pyogenic

A

pus forming

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2
Q

pyogenic cocci

A

streptococcus + staphylococcus

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3
Q

what is pus made of

A

dead neutrophils, bacteria, inflammatory exudate, and tissue debris

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4
Q

why is pus formed

A

battle between neutrophils + bacteria

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5
Q

how is pus formed

A
  • bacterial substances recruit neutrophils
  • bacteria resist pahgocytosis
  • bacteria are NOT killed by neutrophils
  • bacteria instead kill neutrophils, which die and release lysosomal enzymes
  • enzymes damage surrounding tissues
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6
Q

streptococcus mechanism for avoiding phagocytosis

A
  1. M protein is the most important factor

2. Hyaluronic acid capsule

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7
Q

how does strep avoid phagocytosis

A

interferes with opsonization due to complement deposition by causing bacteria to be coated with fibrinogen + fibrin

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8
Q

staphylococcus mechanism for avoiding phagocytosis

A
  1. protein A
  2. cell wall components
  3. leukocidin
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9
Q

how does protein A allow staph to avoid neutrophils

A

protein A binds antibodies using their constant regions

-antibodies are backwards so they don’t bind Fc receptors on phagocytes

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10
Q

streptococcus

A

gram positive coccus

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11
Q

gram positive

A

purple

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12
Q

hemolysis diseases of group A streptococci (aka strep pyogenes)

A

beta hemolytic strep throat + rheumatic fever

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13
Q

hemolysis diseases of viridans streptococci (group like strep mutans, organisms that cause caries)

A

alpha hemolytic caries + endocarditis

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14
Q

hemolysis diseases of streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)

A

alpha hemolytic pneumonia + meningitis+ otitis

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15
Q

which two look similar (group A streptocci, viridans streptococci, streptococcus pneumoniae)?

A

viridans strep + strep pneumoniae look similar because they are both alpha hemolytic

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16
Q

which bacteria have alpha hemolytic colonies

A

strep viridans + strep pneumoniae

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17
Q

alpha hemolysis on blood agar

A

when bacteria surrounds it like a ring or halo

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18
Q

beta hemolytic agar plate

A

area around colony is completely cleared - strep pyogenes

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19
Q

group A streptococci

A

classified into “lancefield groups” based on carbohydrate antigens called Ccarbohydrate beta hemolytic

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20
Q

encounter

A

group A streptococci colonize the skin + mucous membranes

-are sperad by infected droplets from person to person, often asymptomatically

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21
Q

entry

A

the bacteria adhere to epithelial surfaces, e.g. in the thoat; lipoteichoic acid, a constituent of the Gram positive cell surface, is an ADHESIN which makes the organism sticky

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22
Q

spread

A

spreading depends on how the infection was acquired

  • skin + mucous membrane infections usually localized
    e. g. in the throat, infection usually remains localized
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23
Q

wound infections in deeper tissue (e.g. surgical wounds, battle wounds) spread

A

rapidly

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24
Q

streptococci secrete a number of digestive enzymes including proteases, hyaluronidase, and DNAase. during its spread. Describe the pus

A

thin and runny

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25
multiplication
M protein + hyaluronic acid capsule help streptococci resist phagocytosis
26
how do M proteins interfere with multiplication
bind host molecules that prevent complement deposition on the bacterial surface. interferes with opsonization
27
how does hyaluronic acid capsule interfere with multiplication
interferes with attachment of phagocytes
28
Damage
damage may be caused by intense inflammatory response
29
streptococci damage
produce many toxins such as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (Associated with scarlet fever and shock inducing infections)
30
how do streptococcoal pyrogenic exotoxins SPEs act by?
influencing host reponses
31
diseases
strep throat, tonisllitis, scarlet fever, pyoderma
32
invasive diseases
cellulitis, necrotizing fasciiitis
33
what is flesh eating bacteira
necrotizing fasciitis
34
nonsuppurative sequelae
rheumatic fever + glomerulonephritis
35
scarlet fever
strawberry tongue, strep throat with a rash, lasts a couple of weeks, after rash resolves..skin desquamates
36
pyoderma
skin infectio nlike a mosquito bite
37
suppurative diseases
strep throat, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, pyoderma??
38
cellulitis
infection of subcutaneous tissue + skin
39
necrotizin fascitis
affects deeper in the subcutaneous tissues and fascia
40
what is a nonsuppurative sequelae of strep
rheumatic fever
41
acute rheumatic fever
only follows strep throat caused by group A streptococci
42
what characterizes acute rheumatic fever
carditis, polyarthritis, neurological disorder, rash
43
st. vitus dance
neurological disorder during acute rheumatic fever
44
what may be fatal or cause severe damage to the heart valves
acute rheumatic fever
45
how can we prevent acute rheumatic fever
treat strep throat with penicillin
46
once you have progressed to rheumatic fever after strep
you cannot treat it with penicillin anymore | -does not respond to penicillin treatment
47
rheumatic fever is thought to be an autoimmune disease, somehow evoked by infection by
group A strep
48
viridans streptococci
- alpha hemolytic - not sensitive to P disk - 30-60% of the normal oral flora
49
examples of viridans streptococci
streptococcus mutans invovled in caries and plaque - most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis - causes severe sepsis in immunocompromised patients
50
P disk
distinguishes between viridans + strep pneumonia, which are both hemolytic
51
what is sensitive to the P disk
strep pneumonia
52
infective endocarditis
-infection of the inner surfaces of the heart and valves
53
subacute endocarditis patients
mild fever anorexia weakness weigh loss for several weeks durations
54
60% of infections of infective endocarditis are caused by
viridans streptococci
55
predisposing factors of infective endocarditis
- usually affects heart valves whose surfaces have already been damaged - rheumatic fever - congenital heart defects - degenerative disease - mitral valve prolapse - prosthetic heart valves
56
emia
presence of something in blood
57
bacteremia
presence of bacteria in blood
58
sepsis or septicemia
growth of bacteria in blood
59
endocarditis + dentistry
bloody dental procedures are associated with transient bacteremia which can lead to endocarditis
60
if a cause of endocarditis is determined, 67% of cases it is a
dental procedure
61
prophylactic actibiotics are recommended for
at risk patients with endocarditis
62
bacteria related to bacterial endocarditis
viridans streptococci
63
how do we treat bacterial endocarditis
iv penicillin + gentamicin
64
staphylococci stain
purple
65
coagulase
enzyme that clots plasma
66
staphylococcus aureus
pathogenic
67
staphylococcus epidermidis
nonpathogenic
68
staphylococcus aureus
colonization common, coagulase positive, bronze colony, positive mannitol
69
staphylococcus epidermidis
colonization common, coagulase negative, white colony, negative mannitol
70
encounter of staph
s. epidermidis commonly colonizes humans | s. aureus colonizes about 20-30% of people
71
staph colonizes
skin, nose, + mucous membranes
72
staph tolerates
high salt and can grow in salt concentrations that inhibit growth of other bacteria
73
what can bread down fatty acids found on skin
staphyloccoci
74
what can be spread from person to person by HAND contact
staphyloccocci
75
staphylococci ENTRY, SPREAD, MULTIPLICATION, DAMAGE
- enters deep tissues via a wound - highly vascularized organs, bones, lungs, kidneys are sites of abscesses in hematogenous spread - area of inflammation usually remains localized
76
localized diseases caused by staphylococci
abscesses (boils) wound infections osteomyelitis
77
generalized diseases caused by staphylococci
bacteremia with metastatic abscesses + endocarditis
78
toxins that caused staphylococci
scalded skin syndrome (exfoliatin) toxic shock syndrome gastroenteritis
79
one of the major causes of bacterial infections in the oral cavity
staphylococci
80
infected root canals, osteomyelitis of the jaws, facial cellulitis, dentoalveolar abscesses
staphylococci
81
virulence factors of staphylococci
``` 1. capsule, cell wall components 2 protein A 3 leukocidin 4 catalase 5 coagulase 6 toxins ```
82
protein A as a virulence factor
resists phagocytosis
83
leukocidin as a virulence factor
resist phagocytosis
84
catalase as a virulence factor
reduces killing by neutrophils
85
coagulase as a virulence factor
causes plasma to clot
86
toxins as virulence factors
scalded skin syndrome- exfoliatin - toxic shock syndrome - food poisoning enterotoxins
87
two types of organisms
streptococci + staphylococci
88
strep + staph
colonize people, spread from person to person, produce pyogenic infections bc they have mech that allow them to resist phagocytosis
89
staph
localized infections - boils
90
strep
spreading infections- cellulitis + necrotizing cellulitis

infectious disease (7 decks)

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