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Brain and Behaviour > 1) Intro and Neuroimaging techniques > Flashcards

1) Intro and Neuroimaging techniques Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mental representation?

A

our external environment simulated by our cognitions

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2
Q

Where did the historical view from Aristotle believe mental experience came from?

A

The heart

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3
Q

Where did Plato believe mental experience came from

A

The brain

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4
Q

Who proposed ‘Dualism’, explain it

A

Descartes, who believed that mind (eternal) and body (mortal) where separate substances, also thinking that the mind controls muscle movement.

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5
Q

Who famously disproved Descartes and why?

A

Luigi Galvani- he believed that muscles (nerves) themselves influence movement , not just the brain

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6
Q

What is the middle bundle of nerve fibres called, that connects and runs between both hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

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7
Q

What is the condition called, where a patient experiencing impaired mental functioning due to severing of their corpus callosum?

A

Split Brains patient

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8
Q

What is the left hemisphere dominantly responsible for ?

A

Language/speech production, but most importantly the RIGHT side of the body/right visual field

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9
Q

How can you test for split brains?

A

Tachistoscopic presentation of stimuli on shown to one hemisphere/visual field

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10
Q

What does the tachistoscopic test show?

A

That callosum severing means info cannot be shared between the two hemis and a patient won’t see the stimuli presented

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11
Q

Which neuroimaging techniques show WHEN things happen in the brain

A

EEG, (temporal, non-invasive)

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12
Q

Which neuroimaging techniques show WHERE things happen?

A

fMRI (non-invasive)

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13
Q

Name one more non-invasive and one invasive technique (besides EEG and fMRI- non-invasive)

A

MEG (non-invasive), PET (invasive, injected, swallowed, inhaled)

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14
Q

At the smallest level, what would be the most ideal neuroimaging technique?

A

Single cell unit recording (records a single neurons activity)

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15
Q

How is single cell recording taken out?

A

An electrode (thin wire) implanted into a part of the brain to measure electrical potential of nearby neurons

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16
Q

What does EEG stand for

A

electroencephalography

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17
Q

What does EEG measure and how is it taken out?

A

Measures electrical activity of brain (the electrical signal from neurons), by recording from electrodes placed on scalp via a cap

18
Q

What does a single EEG signal tell us?

A

the temporal profile of change in the potential difference between 2 electrodes on the scalp

19
Q

A calculated average across many EEG trials is called what?

A

An event related potential (ERP), the voltage fluctuations associated with a presented event

20
Q

How many frequencies can raw EEG be converted into , and what’s their names?

A

4 different types (delta, theta, beta, alpha)

21
Q

If we were to study facial recognition using the EEG method what would the graph show us?

A

Different peaks would be associated with different aspects of facial recognition (I.e. P300= famous and familiar faces)

22
Q

MEG (magnetoencephalography) measures what?

A

The magnetic field produced by electrical brain activity, using SQUIDS devices

23
Q

What is MEG especially good for measuring?

A

Temporal (time) and spatial (space) resolution, however is very expensive

24
Q

How does Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) produce brain images?

A

Makes use of differential magnetic properties of blood/tissue types

25
Q

Using types of blood/tissue to create a static map of the skull and grey/white matter is an example of what time of imaging?

A

Structural Imaging

26
Q

Which neuroimaging technique uses differential absorption of X-Rays to build a brain image?

A

CT scan (Computed Tomography) - Reveals gross features but not the structure

27
Q

What determines if a technique is called ‘functional imaging’

A

When a temporary change in the brain’s physiology is made

28
Q

What method involves the invasive use of an injection or swallowed radioactive trace substance in order to map functional brain processes?

A

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

29
Q

How does the radioactive trace (PET) create an image?

A

Once the trace substance decays, a positron it emits is picked up by a detector = areas highly radioactive are associated with brain activity

30
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI) makes use of what in order to build a brain map image?

A

Since neuronal activity requires lots of oxygen and glucose (energy), also changing blood oxygenation levels, the differential magnetic properties of de/oxygenated blood creates contrasts picked up by the machine

31
Q

What does BOLD stand for?

A

Blood oxygenation dependent level- blood flow increases when a stimulus is applied

32
Q

What measurement is BOLD made in

A

Voxels (volume pixels)- smallest part of a 3D image

33
Q

A modified version of MRI is called what?

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

34
Q

What does a DTI scan show?

A

Location of the brain’s white matter tracts (bundles of axons in the brains). Helps visualise the connections made by neurons

35
Q

What imaging technique was first developed by Michael Faraday?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

36
Q

What happens in TMS?

A

Brain activity is disrupted via a virtual ‘lesion’ which introduces neural ‘noise’.

37
Q

What did Faraday’s famous experiment use/involve?

A

Electrical current passing through one coil will affect the other, but only when the magnetic field is changed (i.e. switched on/off)

38
Q

What exactly happens when one coil’s magnetic field is changed?

A

The 2 coils of electric wire around an iron ring, repel each other when a current is induced because both their magnetic fields are competing (in video caused plate to levitate)

39
Q

What can TMS help us study/show in humans?

A

Applying a TMS impulse leads to TMS interferecne with reading signals, so can study behavioural effects i.e. RT change, longer reading time.
Can help establish causal links between behavioural tasks and brain areas

40
Q

What neuroimaging technique has better spatial resolution than a CT scan?

A

fMRI

Brain and Behaviour (18 decks)

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