1. Introduction

Question 1

Difference between Macro // Micro nutrients

Answer 1

1. carbs, fat, protein // vitamins and minerals
2. needed in gram amounts // milli or microgram amounts
3. provide energy // no energy

Question 2

Meanings of “Vita” and “Amine”

Answer 2

Vita = Life
Amine = N containing

Question 3

Definition of vitamins (5)

Answer 3

1. Organic Compound (non-caloric)
2. Natural component of food (present in minute amounts)
3. Essential for normal PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
4. Specific deficiency syndrome
5. Not synthesized in adequate amounts for physiological needs

Question 4

How many vitamins are there?

Answer 4

14

Question 5

How many B vitamins are there?

What are they?

Answer 5

8 total:
Thiamin = B1
Riboflavin = B2
Niacin = B3 
Pantothenic Acid = B5
Pyridoxine = B6
Biotin
Folic Acid
Cabalamin = B12
*** Choline closely related to the B bits

Question 6

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

Answer 6

B vits (+ choline), and Vit C

10 total

Question 7

Classification of water soluble vitamins (5)

Answer 7

• hydrophilic
• can’t be stored (needed daily)
• move directly into blood (travel freely)
• easily taken up and released by tissues
• excess excreted in urine

Question 8

Water soluble vitamins are non-toxic, because?

Answer 8

Excess is excreted in urine

Question 9

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 9

Vits A, D, E, K

Question 10

Classification of fat-soluble vitamins (6)

Answer 10

hydrophobic
dissolve in fat (dietary and body)
need dietary fat to be absorbed
enter blood via lymph; need transport proteins
can be stored (liver and body fat)
More concern about excess

Question 11

def Organic

Answer 11

Carbon containing

Question 12

T or F?

Vitamins can be easily destroyed?

Answer 12

True

** remember

Question 13

What vitamins are particularly vulnerable to being destroyed? (3)

Answer 13

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Vit C

Question 14

What destroys Thiamin?

Answer 14

Prolonged Heating

Question 15

What destroys Riboflavin?

Answer 15

UV light

Question 16

What destroys Vit C?

Answer 16

Oxygen

Question 17

Example of a metabolic function performed by a single vitamin?

Answer 17

Vision (Vit A)
Blood Clotting (Vit K)

Question 18

Example of a metabolic function performed by multiple vitamins

Answer 18

Antioxidant

Vits E, C, and beta carotene

Question 19

3 general functions of vitamins

Answer 19

Coenzymes (Largest role)
Hydrogen/electron acceptors/donors
Hormones

Question 20

Vitamins that function as a hormone?

Answer 20

Vit D

Question 21

Vitamins that function as a coenzyme?

Answer 21

B vitamins

Vits A, K, C

Question 22

Vitamins that function as hydrogen/electron acceptors/donors?

Answer 22

B Vitamins

Vits C, E, K

Question 23

Def: Bioavailability

Answer 23

The rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

Question 24

Bioavailability depends on what 2 factors?

Answer 24

1. amount in food

2. amount absorbed and utilized by the body (very complex)

Question 25

Factors that effect the amount of vitamins absorbed and utilized by the body? (name multiple)

Answer 25

1. nutrient-nutrient interaction 2. medications 3. genetic differences 4. intestinal health 5. processing 6. age -more possible reasons, very complex

Question 26

How many elements exist? | How many are essential for human life?

Answer 26

~90 in the environment | ~22 essential

Question 27

Characteristics of minerals (4)

Answer 27

1. Inorganic 2. Retain chemical identity 3. Have absorption issues - bioavailability - minerals bind to other compounds (phytate, oxalate, tannins) 4. Toxicity issues

Question 28

How are minerals classified?

Answer 28

by the amount present in the body 3 names - macro, trace, and ultra-trace minerals

Question 29

``` def Macrominerals - which ones? ```

Answer 29

> 5 grams 7 in total -calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride

Question 30

``` def Trace Minerals - which ones? ```

Answer 30

< 5 grams 5 in total iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride

Question 31

``` def Ultra Trace minerals - which ones? ```

Answer 31

< 1 mg 6 in total: selenium, molybdenum, iodine, chromium, boron, cobalt

Question 32

What is unique about arsenic, nickel, vanadium and silicon?

Answer 32

- they are Ultra Trace Minerals - not yet proven essential or beneficial in humans - animal studies show benefits

Question 33

"phyto" is greek for..?

Answer 33

"plant"

Question 34

def Phytochemicals (4)

Answer 34

- Naturally occurring chemicals in plants - Generally non-nutritive - Physiologically active components - Proposed to contribute toward disease prevention more than 900 identified and more discovered