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Nutrition 3330 > 16 Phytoestrogens > Flashcards

16 Phytoestrogens Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

3 main categories of phytoestrogens

A

Isoflavons
lignans
coumestans

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2
Q

Good qualities of a biomarker

A 
Feasibility
Specificity **
Sensitivity **
Invasiveness
Cost 
Validated Reference Ranges
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3
Q

Classic definition of phytoestrogens?

A

Non-steroidal plant compound able to exert estrogenic effects
(naturally occurring)

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4
Q

Phytoestrogens are structurally similar to?

A 
endogenous estrogen (Estradiol)
synthetic E and anti-E
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5
Q

Food sources of isoflavons

A

*soy beans and soy products
legumes
clover

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6
Q

Isoflavones are found in what forms?

A

Glycoside (typical food form)

Aglycone (fermented foods, absorbed in this form)
- carb group removed

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7
Q

3 major isoflavones present in soy?

A

Genistin / Genistein
Daidzin / Daidzein
Glycitin / Gycitein

(60/30/10 proportions)

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8
Q

What is present in clover?

A

isoflavone precursors:

  1. formononetin
    - daidzein
  2. Biochanin A
    - genistein
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9
Q

Formononetin

A

isoflavone precursor of daidzein

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10
Q

Biochanin A

A

Isoflavone Precursor of genistein

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11
Q

Where are isoflavone precursors converted to isoflavones?

A

Intestine

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12
Q

Important concept to consider when estimating isoflavone intakes?

A

Glycoside vs Aglycone form

  • glycoside form has carb group still attached
  • would overestimate intake
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13
Q

Isoflavone Database

A

to increase “accuracy” of intake estimates and relation of intake to disease risk

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14
Q

Key physiological feature that effects isoflavone absorption

A

Intestinal bacteria

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15
Q

what effects intestinal bacteria

A

antibiotics
pro/prebiotics
travel (food consumption)

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16
Q

Foods that would have isoflavone in its aglycone form?

A

fermented foods

- ex. soy sauce

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17
Q

Absorption form of aglycones?

A

aglycone

isoflavone metabolites

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18
Q

Important isoflavone metabolite

A

Equol

  • from daidzein
  • only 30%-40% of population has gene to produced intestinal bacteria for the conversion
  • higher in asia
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19
Q

Equol compared to other isoflavones and isoflavone metabolites?

A
  • potent
  • binds with higher affinity
  • longer half-life
  • inversely associated with breast cancer
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20
Q

Potential health benefits of soy isoflavones?

A 
Cancer (hormone dependent)
CVD
Osteoporosis
Menopausal Symptoms
Cognitive function
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21
Q

Clover disease

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A

Red clover - high in formononetin

  • in Australian sheep
  • fertility problems
22
Q

Isoflavone and fertility

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A

Studies show effects in animals
BUT no studies in humans
(more studies in females)

23
Q

Estrogenic Potency of Isoflavones

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A

potency 1/1000
found in blood 1000x great amounts

(E = pico, iso = nano to low micro amounts)

24
Q

Isoflavones have similar structure to what estrogen?

25
estrogenic vs anti-estrogenic effect of isoflavone dependent on ?
concentration of endogenous estrogen
26
Effect of isoflavone when endogenous estrogen is high
Anti-Estrogenic Effect - isoflavones compete for estrogen receptors - weaker than estrogens
27
Effect of isoflavone when endogenous estrogen is low
Estrogenic Effect | - DON'T compete for estrogenic receptors
28
breast cancer inverse relation to isoflavone based on what 3 parameters?
Dietary Intake Urinary excretion Blood concentration
29
Other than intake and biomarker parameters, what other importance factor relates to breast cancer and isoflavones
age of exposure - puberty best time - both puberty and adult is best
30
relation between rostate cancer and isoflavones?
Inverse relation shown but conflicting data in human studies Animal studies showed reduced risk, and reduction of size in existing tumors
31
Isoflavon mechanisms on cancer reduction?
- Reduced concentration of reproductive hormone - antioxidant effects - inhibit tyrosine kinase - inhibit angiogenesis - inhibit DNA topoisomerase - induce apoptosis
32
Inhibition of angiogenesis
reduced blood flow to cancer cells
33
inhibition of DNA topoisomerase
destabalizes cancer cells
34
Soy and CVD
Soy "PROTEIN" associated with reduced: - total cholesterol - LDL-cholesterol - triglycerides - aortic stiffness increased: - systemic arterial compliance - LDL resistance to oxidation
35
Difference in extracted soy isoflavones? what does this mean?
No Effects on - total cholesterol - LDL, HDL - Triglycerides supports need for presence in "soy protein"
36
People at highest risk of osteoporosis? Typical treatment?
Postmenopausal women | - hormone replacement therapy
37
Why we originally related isoflavones to osteoporosis
Asian women significantly lower hip fractures to white women
38
Soy isoflavone relation (with respect to osteoporosis)?
Increase Bone Marrow Density
39
Soy isoflavone used as an alternative to what treatment?
Hormone replacement therapy | HRT
40
Problems with studies of isoflavones on menopausal symptoms?
HUGE placebo effect - seasonally different - self reported data (difficult to measure)
41
Graphical representation of soy isoflavone intake and plasma concentrations and bioavailability
Curvilinear - plateaus - saturable
42
Lignin food sources
- high in flaxseed - whole grains, fruits, veggies, seeds more widespread than isoflavones
43
Plant vs Mammalian ligans
plant lignans are precursors for mammalian lignans | - only some plant absorbed, most converted to mammalian
44
Plant lignans
Secoisolariciresinol (SECO) Mateaiesinal - in lignan rich foods
45
Mammalian Lignans
Enterodiol Enterolactone - in biological fluids
46
What plant lignan makes what mammalian lignans
SECO --> Enterodiol | Matairsinol --> Enterolactone
47
Lignin Health Effects
``` Human data: (very little available) -Breast cancer -CVD Animal Data: -osteoperosis -colon cancer ```
48
Coumestan food sources
sprouts: bean, alfalfa, soybean | clover
49
Main coumestan? Features?
Coumestrol - similar to estradiol - can bind to ERs
50
Pharmakinetics
branch of pharmacology dedicated to determine fates of substances admitted to an organism externally (drugs, nutrients, toxins etc)

Nutrition 3330 (22 decks)

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