1. Introductory topics

Question 1

blood volume

Answer 1

10-12 pints or 6 liters

Question 2

plasma, ———–—for coagulation factor deficiencies

Answer 2

plasma, cryoprecipitate—for coagulation factor deficiencies

Question 3

apheresis

Answer 3

collection of only certain portions of blood from a donor

Question 4

discovered ABO groups

Answer 4

Carl Landsteiner

Question 5

goal of BB

Answer 5

to provide safe and effective transfusions to patients

Question 6

Chromosome

Answer 6

a structure within a nucleus that contains a single strand of DNA

Question 7

Homozygous
Heterozygous

Answer 7

inheritance of same/different allele from each parent

Question 8

Dosage effect

Answer 8

serologic differences between a homozygous person and a heterozygous person

Question 9

Gene

Answer 9

a single unit of genetic information, which codes for a protein

Question 10

Allele

Answer 10

one of 2+ different forms of a gene at a specific locus

Question 11

Locus

Answer 11

the specific site of a gene along the chromosome

Question 12

Dominant

Answer 12

expressed phenotypically when homozygous or heterozygous

Question 13

Recessive

Answer 13

only expressed phenotypically when homozygous

Question 14

Codominant

Answer 14

both alleles are expressed phenotypically

Question 15

Linkage

Answer 15

the association between distinct genes that occupy closely situated loci along a chromosome

inherited as a group (haplotypes)

Question 16

Allelic gene interaction; position effect

Answer 16

interaction of two genes positioned cis or trans to one another (same chromosome or opposite chromosome)

Question 17

Example of position effect

Answer 17

weak D in trans position to C gene

Question 18

Amorph

Answer 18

gene that, in homozygous form, results in a null phenotype; no expression of usual BG antigens

Question 19

Polymorphism

Answer 19

a genetic system that expresses two or more phenotypes

Question 20

ABO genes code for a ———– that attaches an oligosaccharide to a protein backbone

Answer 20

ABO genes code for a transferase that attaches an oligosaccharide to a protein backbone

Question 21

how to find number of units to screen

Answer 21

units needed/proportion of compatible units

Question 22

T cell functions

Answer 22

recognition of self vs nonself
presentation of antigen to macrophages
opsonization
cytokine production
cytotoxicity

Question 23

B-cell → ———— → plasma cell

Answer 23

B-cell → immunoblast → plasma cell

Question 24

anamnestic response

Answer 24

rapid secondary response of memory cells
have receptor for diminished antigen

Question 24

AB antigens are glycolipids stuck onto --------

Answer 24

ceramide

Question 25

immunogenicity

Answer 25

measure of the ability of an antigen to elicit an immune response

Question 26

primary lag phase secondary lag phase

Answer 26

3 days 10 days

Question 27

sensitization

Answer 27

binding of antibody or complement components to an RBC

Question 28

most affected by LISS, temperature, incubation time, pH, enzymes

Answer 28

sensitization

Question 29

most affected by Ag-Ab ratio, centrifugation, albumin, PEG, Ig class, AHG, enzymes

Answer 29

lattice formation

Question 30

agglutination requires a -------- antigen

Answer 30

multivalent

Question 31

in indirect agglutination, -------- is necessary to create linkages between Fc portions of IgG molecules

Answer 31

AHG

Question 32

general function of enhancement media/potentiators

Answer 32

lower Zeta potential (= charge) of RBCs

Question 33

ideal for Ag-Ab rxns; diluent; washing

Answer 33

saline

Question 34

bipolar macromolecule; allows IgG to access RBCs; pushes RBCs together

Answer 34

albumin

Question 35

cleave some of the antigens, and exposes others (such as Rh); reduces negative charge of cells

Answer 35

proteolytic enzymes

Question 36

reduces ionic strength of reaction media; draws ions away from RBC surface; ↑ Ag-Ab affinity

Answer 36

LISS

Question 37

steric exclusion of water; brings Ag-Ab closer together; used most frequently

Answer 37

PEG

Question 38

tertiary reaction, completing task started by Ab

Answer 38

complement cascade

Question 39

inhibit complement in vitro

Answer 39

anticoags (EDTA, sodium, hydrogen) heating

Question 40

in vitro complement binding leads to....

Answer 40

coagulation cascade and clotted blood

Question 41

intravascular hemolysis signs

Answer 41

red plasma, red urine, ghost cells

Question 42

extravascular hemolysis signs

Answer 42

yellow plasma, yellow urine, coated and sequestered RBCs