1 Mammalian Nutrition Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is the main difference between genetics and genomics?
Genetics focuses on the ~2% of DNA that codes for proteins, while genomics studies the entire genome, including non-coding DNA.
What is gene editing?
A technique that allows precise changes to an organism’s DNA sequence, including inserting or modifying genes.
Where is DNA located in most cells?
In the cell nucleus (except in cells like red blood cells that lack a nucleus).
What is a chromosome?
A compact, organized structure of DNA found in the nucleus of cells.
Name four types of proteins and their functions.
Enzymes (catalysis), regulatory proteins (homeostasis), structural proteins (support), defensive proteins (immunity).
How is genomics used in animal health?
It helps identify disease susceptibility and informs preventive breeding strategies.
What are some genetic tools used in livestock improvement?
Selective breeding, marker-assisted selection, artificial insemination, gene editing.
Name some traits of interest in animal breeding.
Milk yield, disease resistance, meat quality, temperament, adaptability.
Which genes are involved in milk composition?
Casein genes, genes controlling milk fat and protein content.
What factors influence milk composition?
Genetics, diet, animal health, lactation stage, breed/species.
Which species’ milk is closest to human milk in protein content and digestibility?
Horse and cow milk.
What are the two main proteins in milk?
Casein (80%) and whey (20%).
What is the significance of milk fat globule size?
It affects milk digestibility and processing characteristics.
What does high milk protein content in an animal species indicate?
Faster early growth rate of offspring.
How can GM crops benefit food systems?
By improving yield, nutritional value, and pest resistance.
ame two value-added products from milk.
Cheese and yogurt.
What is marker-assisted selection (MAS)?
A method that uses genetic markers to select for desirable traits during breeding.
What are some technologies used for gene transfer?
Viral vectors, spermatozoa, transposons, RNAi molecules, endonucleases.
Why are some traits difficult to control using genetics?
hey may be polygenic, influenced by the environment, or not well understood.
What are ethical considerations in genetic modification?
Animal welfare, biodiversity impacts, long-term ecological consequences, and consumer acceptance.
How can genomics contribute to sustainable food production?
By improving animal productivity, disease resistance, and adaptability to climate change.
