5 Mammalian Nutrition Flashcards
(23 cards)
What percentage of adults lack intestinal lactase?
70% of adults.
What are common causes of lactose intolerance?
Evolutionary adaptation and genetic variation
How can lactose intolerance be managed?
With food modifications (e.g., yogurt, lactose-free milk), lactase enzyme supplements, probiotics, and dietary changes.
What is Galactosaemia?
A genetic disorder affecting galactose metabolism.
Which genes are commonly mutated in Galactosaemia?
GALT, GALK1, and GALE
What are symptoms of Galactosaemia?
Brain impairments, ovarian insufficiency, and low bone density.
How is Galactosaemia managed?
Through a galactose-free diet, gene or mRNA therapy, and pharmacological chaperones.
What is Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA)?
An overactive immune response to milk proteins.
What are common symptoms of CMPA?
Itching, anaphylaxis, and respiratory issues.
What percentage of children are affected by CMPA?
2–6%.
How is CMPA diagnosed?
Using skin prick tests and serum-specific IgE responses.
What are some ways to manage CMPA?
Heating, enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins, and gene knockout of allergenic proteins.
What trend is observed globally in food allergies?
There is a rising prevalence, especially in children.
How does food allergy prevalence vary regionally?
It differs across regions like Australia, the USA, the UK, and Asia.
What are some methods of modifying foods to reduce allergens?
Reducing allergenic proteins (e.g., β-lactoglobulin knockout), fermentation, and enzymatic processing.
What are common types of genetic mutations used in research?
Single locus variants, gene deletions, and gene knockouts.
What is a transgenic organism?
An organism with DNA introduced from another species.
How is genome modification used in disease research?
It helps model diseases and test therapies.
What are genomic applications in agriculture?
Genomic selection for disease resistance and bioengineering for nutrient-rich milk.
What are some ethical concerns with genetic modification?
Animal welfare, environmental risks, and public concerns about GMO safety.
What characterized the Traditional Era (10,000 BC–19th Century) of agriculture?
Domestication, selective breeding, and fermentation.
What innovations occurred during the Conventional Era (1930s–1960s)?
Hybrid crops, discovery of DNA structure, and mutagenesis.
What major advancements define the Modern Era (1970s–Present)?
Gene transfer, recombinant DNA, cloning (e.g., Dolly the sheep), bioinformatics, and gene editing.
