(1) Normal Language And Cognitive Effects

Question 1

an arbitrary code in which
others may actually identify or retrieve the meaning as well as express themselves

Answer 1

Language

Question 2

The 3 main mental functions of cognition

Answer 2

Three main mental functions: (1) attention,
(2) perception, (3) memory

Question 3

T or F: If cognition is identified with information processing, and we think of language use as information processing then it’s consistent to think of language functions as embedded in cognition.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

umbrella term for all higher mental processes… the collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding.

Answer 4

Cognition

Question 5

we interpret what we get from our senses;

Answer 5

Perceiving

Question 6

all about recalling past events and information

Answer 6

Remembering

Question 7

all about imagining and analyzing things

Answer 7

Thinking

Question 8

Making sense of something new

Answer 8

Understanding

Question 9

the base level of attention

Answer 9

Arousal

Question 10

the inability to ignore irrelevant inputs can be an impediment to successful communication.

Answer 10

Cocktail party problem

Question 11

Cognitive process that concentrates mental e ort on on external stimulus or an internal representation or thought

Answer 11

Attention

Question 12

In attention we need:

Answer 12

Arousal and vigilance

Question 13

the basic mechanism for selecting sensory information that can be
used for cognitive processing.

Answer 13

Input attention

Question 14

reflex towards an unexpected stimulus

Answer 14

orienting reflex

Question 15

capture with significance

Answer 15

Attention capture

Question 16

Driven by physical characteristics namely significance, novelty of the item, and social
cues.

Answer 16

Attention capture

Question 17

Focusing, resisting distraction so that cognition becomes manageable

Answer 17

selective attention

Question 18

Focusing mechanism that prepares the processor to deal with information based on expectation.

Answer 18

Spotlight Attention

Question 19

Confront multiple stimuli or processes at the same time, dual tasking

Answer 19

Divided attention

Question 20

ability to hold information in
our head. It is important to the brain’s ability to perform even the simplest of action.

Answer 20

Memory

Question 21

retrieving something from your memory.

Answer 21

Recognition

Question 22

retention of information in the mind beyond the life of an external stimulus

Answer 22

memory

Question 23

the form of
information represented in our mind

Answer 23

mental representation

Question 24

the same basic knowledge of objects and actions, living and nonliving things

Answer 24

Semantic memory

Question 25

has limited capacity for transient representations

Answer 25

Working Memory

Question 26

limited, so it is challenging to manage inputs from the environment and from LTM

Answer 26

Working memory

Question 27

Information in STM either decays or more likely is pushed out by incoming stimulation. That is what you call

Answer 27

Interference

Question 28

have as much to do with the capacity for doing work as they do for storing content. Therefore, the expanded to working memory

Answer 28

Transient Memory

Question 29

Brain reacts (process) without our conscious control in response to a stimulus

Answer 29

Automatic processing

Question 30

2 information processing in working memory

Answer 30

Automatic and Controlled Processing

Question 31

Automatic processing is

Answer 31

1. It is subconscious 2. It is obligatory in nature 3. It takes up little or no room in WM 4. Fasts tasks

Question 32

Also known as the strategic processing

Answer 32

Controlled Processing

Question 33

Controlled Processing is

Answer 33

Can be conscious Can be intentional It is effortful Slow tasks

Question 34

The input of WM are

Answer 34

bottom up and top down

Question 35

Influenced by characteristics of environmental input

Answer 35

bottom-up

Question 36

Bottom-up WM is

Answer 36

Stimulus and data driven

Question 37

Directed by what we already know (based on our prior knowledge)

Answer 37

Top-down

Question 38

Top-down WM is

Answer 38

Concept driven

Question 39

Elements of an executive system

Answer 39

1. Initiation 2. Goal maintenance 3. Organization 4. Self monitoring and modification

Question 40

Activation of a cognitive system

Answer 40

Initiation

Question 41

Task persistence

Answer 41

Goal Maintenance

Question 42

Organization of action sequence

Answer 42

Organization

Question 43

Self monitoring: awareness

Answer 43

Self monitoring and modification

Question 44

Cognitive system activates automatically as soon as a sentence is initiated and continues as the sentence is heard or read

Answer 44

Sentence comprehension

Question 45

More dicult than basic and sentence comprehension

Answer 45

Discourse Processing

Question 46

It needs a lot of interpretative information from the Long Term Memory (LTM), thus causing constraint in processing

Answer 46

Bottleneck Problem

Question 47

Studies the mind that participates in conversation

Answer 47

Social Cognition

Question 48

Studies the mind's automaticity, as well as its strategies, when presented with real communicative problems

Answer 48

Cognitive pragmatics

Question 49

When a patient ages, the concept of WM is aected too. Remember:

Answer 49

ST retention of info Manipulation of info

Question 50

WM increases in childhood and declines in late adulthood

Answer 50

1. Processing speed 2. Neural integrity 3. Breakdown in inhibitory functions

Question 51

WM and EF are believed to be subserved by the prefrontal cortex (Raz, 2005) + nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmitter system (Arnset, et. al 1995)

Answer 51

○ Both are aected by aging → aects WM and EF tasks ○ Loss of brain volume → reduced prefrontal activation ○ Age-related declines in dopamine system → reduced input to frontal cortex

Question 52

T or F: Older adults are more vulnerable to distractions as a result of a weakening of inhibitory mechanisms with age (Hasher and Zacks, 1988)

Answer 52

True

Question 53

3 functions of inhibition (Hasher, Zacks, and May, 1999)

Answer 53

Preventing irrelevant info from entering WM Deleting irrelevant info from WM Restraining probable responses until their appropriateness can be assessed

Question 54

Talking a lot, but drifting from topic to topic, weaving many unrelated and irrelevant topics into the conversation

Answer 54

Off-Target Vocabulary

Question 55

T or F: OA were unable to divide attention between two sources of info (written and visual) (Stine, Wingfield, and Myers, 1990)

Answer 55

TRUE