Neuropathologies In ALCD

Question 1

Acute-Onset that Remain Stable/Improve

Answer 1

● Acute Ischemic Stroke
● Intracerebral hemorrhage
● Subarachnoid hemorrhage
● Traumatic brain injury
● Abscesses
● Encephalitis
● Acute disseminate encephalomyelitis
(ADEM)

Question 2

deals with the higher mental
processes such as thinking, decision making,
and planning.

Answer 2

Frontal Lobe

Question 3

deals with the processes
involved in sensory information that has to
do with taste, temperature, and touch.

Answer 3

Parietal Lobe

Question 4

deals with processing auditory information (e.g. mga naririnig mo,
anything regarding auditory information).

Answer 4

Temporal Lobe

Question 5

used for processing visual
information.

Answer 5

Occipital lobe

Question 6

used for the coordination of voluntary movements

Answer 6

Cerebellum

Question 7

controls the di erent cranial
nerves and motor control of the body; the other motor control,

Answer 7

Brain Stem

Question 8

involved in production of speech sound
- Also called the Brodmann Area 44 til and 45.

Answer 8

Broca’s

Question 9

involved in Understanding of speech
- Also known as the Brodmann Area 22. It is for the comprehension of speech.

Answer 9

Wernicke’s

Question 10

controls the Movements of muscles

Answer 10

Motor Cortex

Question 11

connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area.

Answer 11

Arcuate Fasciculus

Question 12

There is a blockage or infarct

Answer 12

Ischemic stroke

Question 13

The blockage is moving

Answer 13

Embolic IS

Question 14

Blood clot in specific area

Answer 14

Thrombotic Stroke

Question 15

happens if there’s a smaller than 1 to 1.5 cm in size;

Answer 15

Lacunar Stroke

Question 16

are regions of the brain that simultaneously receive blood supply from 2 types of arteries.

Answer 16

Watershed areas

Question 17

obstruction caused by blood clot (thrombus)

Answer 17

Thrombosis

Question 18

one or more heart valves does not work properly

Answer 18

Valve Disease

Question 19

Contralateral, hemiparesis, sensory loss, homonymous hemianopsia, dysarthria

Answer 19

MCA stroke

Question 20

(R) - neglect, anosognosia, asomatognosia, aprosodia, flat effect
(L) - aphasia, alexia, agraphia, acalculia, apraxia

Answer 20

MCA stroke

Question 21

Contralateral leg paresis, abulia, disinhibition, exec dysfunction, akinetic mutism

Answer 21

ACA stroke

Question 22

occipital - contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, cortical blindness (bilateral)
Medial temporal - LTM and STM deficits, behavior alteration
Thalamus - contralateral sensory loss, aphasia, exec dysfunction, decreased level of consciousness, memory impairment

Answer 22

PCA stroke

Question 23

Lesion: Sup div LMCA

Answer 23

Broca’s aphasia

Question 24

Lesion: Inferior div LMCA

Answer 24

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Question 25

Lesion: Watershed bet LMCA and LACA

Answer 25

Transcortical motor aphasia

Question 26

Lesion: Watershed bet LMCA and LPCA:

Answer 26

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Question 27

RHD

Answer 27

Cog-comm d/o

Question 28

Intracerebral Hemorrhage: (L) basal ganglia, internal capsule, white matter

Answer 28

articulatory impairment + comprehension and naming impairments ang patient

Question 29

Intracerebral hemorrhage: L) thalamus

Answer 29

Naming and repetition impairments

Question 30

Intracerebral hemorrhage: (R) thalamus

Answer 30

Narrative deficits

Question 31

Amyloid angiopathy - when a amyloid proteins build up on the walls of the arteries in the brain, causing

Answer 31

Dementia or stroke

Question 32

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) - blood vessels are being tangled, nagkakaroon ng problem connecting arteries and veins causing

Answer 32

Abnormal connection

Question 33

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Possible magkaroon ng:

Answer 33

Aneurysmal SAH

Question 34

CN III palsy, CN VI palsy, bilateral LE weakness, abulia, visuospatial neglect, hemiparesis, and aphasia is due to

Answer 34

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Question 35

Can also cause aphasia or other focal neurological deficits due to blood pushing on the brain, inhibiting cortical function

Answer 35

Subdural Hematoma

Question 36

Can be because of: ○ Blows to the head ○ Closed head injuries (CHI)

Answer 36

TBI

Question 37

Nonspecific dull headache, mental status changes, focal neurological deficits, fever (because there is an infection)

Answer 37

Brain Abscesses

Question 38

Effects: Cognitive impairments (particularly the memory), sustained attention, information processing speech, executive function

Answer 38

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 39

Beta-amyloid plaques (increases) and neurofibrillary tangles (caused by the tau protein)

Answer 39

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 40

Presence of slowly progressive memory impairment Also develop apraxia, agnosia, executive dysfunction, aphasia

Answer 40

AD

Question 41

Dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra Trouble processing long, complex sentences, verb generation diculties, impaired semantic priming

Answer 41

PD

Question 42

3 core clinical features: resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity... eventually postural instability

Answer 42

PD

Question 43

Gradual impairment of language production, object naming syntax, and/or word comprehension Eventually may develop cognitive deficits, parkinsonism, and behavioral diculties

Answer 43

PPA

Question 44

Change in affect, lack of basic emotions, repetitive, stereotyped behaviors, changes in eating habits, executive dysfunction

Answer 44

Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia

Question 45

Gait isntability, impairment of eye movements, spastic dysarthria, aphasia (nonfluent), bradykinesia, rigidity, frontal behavior changes

Answer 45

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Question 46

Tumors in dominant hemisphere ->

Answer 46

Aphasia

Question 47

Tumors is nondominant hemisphere ->

Answer 47

Prosody and discourse comprehension deficits

Question 48

Exposes arteries in head and neck Opaque fluid is injected Injected sa blood to see all the arteries Ischemia-vessels seem to disappear beyond occlusion (Parang mga threads)

Answer 48

Angiography

Question 49

Alterations in expected densities of brain structures

Answer 49

CT SCAN

Question 50

Magnetic fields and radio frequency Picture of electromagnetic signals More sensitive than CT Non-Invasive but more time consuming

Answer 50

MRI

Question 51

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 51

Electrodes on patient’s scalp Lesion is indicated by irregular electrical activity

Question 52

Direct measure of metabolism Radioactive tracers with oxygen and or glucose are injected into arteries

Answer 52

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Question 53

Gold standard for identifying dysfunctional Brain tissue.

Answer 53

PET scan