1. Nutrition & Nutrients Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
What are the 5 diff. types of nutrients
A
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Lipids
- Minerals
- Vitamins
2
Q
What is the primary component of livestock feeds
A
Carbohydrates
3
Q
What are the 3 categories of Carbohydrates
A
- Monosaccharides (1 sugar molecule)
- Disaccharides (2 sugar molecules)
- Polysaccharides (may sugar molecules)
4
Q
What are the two subcategories of monosaccharides
A
- pentoses
2. hexoses
5
Q
Examples of Pentoses
A
Arabinose
Ribose
Xylose
6
Q
Examples of Hexoses
A
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
Mannose
7
Q
Examples of Disaccharides
A
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
8
Q
Examples of Polysaccharides
A
Cellulose Starch Glycogen Gums Hemicellulose
9
Q
Found in the highest conc., after water, in all living organisms
A
Protein
10
Q
4 functions of Proteins:
A
- Protecting the body (hair/skin)
- Food digestion (enzymes)
- Stimulating growth (hormones)
- Immune reactions (Ig)
11
Q
What is the purpose of the AA sequence in proteins
A
Determines proteins functions and properties
12
Q
Proteins that contain minerals:
A
Haemoglobin
13
Q
Proteins that contain carbohydrates:
A
Glycoproteins
14
Q
Proteins that contain lipids:
A
lipoproteins
15
Q
3 likely deficient AAs
A
- Lysine
- Methionine
- Tryptophan
16
Q
Which AA is low in cereals
A
Trypthophan
17
Q
When an AA required to synthesize a protein is not available, The AA is known as _______
A
Limiting AA
18
Q
Organic compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent
A
Lipids
19
Q
What are phospholipids and where are they found?
A
Fatty acids + phosphorus, found in cell memb.
20
Q
Main role of lipids?
A
conc. form of energy
21
Q
Fats are composed of Fatty acids (FA) of varied lengths combined with a ______ molecule
A
Glycerol
22
Q
What is the diff. b/t saturated and unsaturated FAs
A
S: all C bonds are taken by H
US: open C bonds
23
Q
____ FAs, The animal requires but not able to synthesize
A
Essential
24
Q
What percentage of a monogastric’s diet should be Essential FAs
A
1%
25
Essential FAs are important for what?
the lipid-protein structure of the cell memb. (Prostaglandin)
26
C/S of Essential FA deficiency?
Scaly skin, necrosis of tail, poor feathering
27
T/F. It is common for mammals to show C/S of Essential FA deficiency?
F. Poultry
28
Inorganic components of the diet that are solid, crystalline elements that cannot be decomposed or synthesized by chemical reactions.
Minerals
29
What are macro-minerals?
major minerals found in conc. above 100ppm
30
What are micro-minerals
conc. less than 100ppm
31
Examples of Macro minerals
```
Ca
P
Cl
Mg
K
Na
S
```
32
Most minerals found in the animal's body is part of the ____
skeleton
33
What is the Ash content?
All the minerals left over when you burn a carcass
34
Important functions of minerals
1. Enzyme activity
2. Oxygen Transport
3. Component of vitamines
4. osmotic pressure
5. Nervous system
35
What are the two categories of Vitamins
1. Water soluble
| 2. fat soluble
36
which category of vitamins are required as a co-factor of enzymes
Water soluble
37
Where are most vitamins stored?
Liver
38
Common signs of vitamin deficiency
```
Anorexia
reduced growth
dermatitis
muscular incoordination
weakness
```
39
Vit. A deficiency causes _____
blindness
40
Vit. D deficiency causes _____.
Rickets
41
Vit. K deficiency causes ____.
Tissue hemorrhage
42
_____ is required in the highest amt. in animal diet
Dietary Energy
43
What is the most important sorce of energy?
Carbohydrates
44
The capacity to do work:
Energy
45
The amt. of energy needed to raise the temp of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius:
Calorie (Cal)
46
What is Digestible energy?
Gross Energy in feed - GE in poops
47
What is the most common analysis for feed samples
Proximate Analysis
48
What are the 6 categores measured in proximate analysis
1. Dry matter
2. Crude protein
3. Ether Extract
4. Crude Fiber
5. Ash
6. Nitrogen free extract
49
Most feeds have their nutritional composition presented in the basis of ______.
Dry matter
50
How is Dry matter determined?
Drying a sample in an oven until constant weight.
51
DM% =
(Dry wt. / Fresh wt)*100
52
How is Crude Protein (CP) estimated?
Kjeldahl method: measures N content irrespective of source
53
Results from the extracting a feed with ethyl ether or combination of organic solvents
Ether Extract (EE)/ Crude fat
54
How do you determine fatty acid composition?
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
55
How is Crude Fiber (CF) Determined?
Boiling ground feed in a weak acid-- filtering-- boiling in weak alkali-- filtration-- Drying
56
Inorganic mineral content is determined by ___ content
Ash
57
T/F Specific mineral content can be determined by ash content
F
must do other analysis to determine mineral content ( Atomic absorption, Spectrophotometry)
58
Estimation of the readily vailable carbohydrates
Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)
59
How do you calc. NFE?
100 - (CP + CFiber + Cfat + Ash)
60
How is Energy calculated?
Oxygen Bomb Caloimeter
61
More accurate in definin carbohydrate content not part of proximate analysis:
Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acidic Detergent Fiber (ADF)
62
What parts of plants contain NDF?
Structural components of the plant, specifically cell wall
63
NDF is a predictor of voluntary intake because it provides _____ or _____
Bulk or fill
64
T/F. Low NDF values are desired
T. b/c NDF increases as plant matures
65
What parts of plants contain ADF?
The least digestible plant components, cellulose and lignin
66
T/F. Low ADF concentrations are more nutritious?
T
67
What does NIRS stand for?
Near Infrared Spectroscopy
68
A component of a diet that serves some useful function
Feedstuff
69
What are the 5 important classifications of feedstuff
1. Roughages
2. Pasture
4. Silage and Haylage
5. Mineral supplements
6. Vitamin supplements
70
the nutritional comp of feedstuff depends on what 6 things?
1. Time of year
2. Availability of water
3. Time of harvest
4. Plant variety
5. Processing
6. Conservation
71
The total plant material to be consumed by the animal
Forage
72
dietary components that are high in fiber
Roughage
73
Plant material not including seeds or roots
Herbage
74
T/F. Roughages are normally high in readily available carbohydrates
F. low carbs
75
What are the 4 categories of herbage?
1. Grasses
2. Legumes
3. Forbs
4. Browse
76
What are the two categories of grasses
1. cool season: Timothy, sweet clover
2. Warm season:
Bermuda grass, switchgrass
77
Legumes like alfalfa have the ability to convert atmospheric N into _____.
Crude protein
78
What are the two types of grasses and where can they typically be found?
C3- temperate climate
| C4- tropical or subtropical
79
T/F. C4 grasses have typically lower protein content than C3 grasses
T
80
How does Bermuda Grass spread?
through rhizomes
81
When do you get the best quality ryegrass?
Cool season
82
What temp. best suits Brome grass?
Cold
83
Drought tolerant grass common in lawns and patures
Fescue
84
Fescue can often be contaminated with ____ causing _____.
Neotyphodium coenophialum, causing ergot type alkaloids
85
What is summer syndrome?
inc. body temp, rapid breathing, and dec. production of cattle caused by feeding fescue
86
What does feeding poor quality fescue cause in horses?
prolonged gestation, weak foals, abortion, agalactia
87
What are the benefits of timothy?
cold adapted, CP can be high
88
Type of plant with nodules in the root system
Legumes
89
_____ in the nodules of legumes are able to transform atmospheric N into a form usable by plant
Rhizobia
90
T/F Legumes have high CP?
T
91
Examples of legumes?
Alfalfa, clover, soybean, green bean, peas
92
what are the two major alfalfa associated problems
1. Bloat in cattle
| 2. Blister beetle toxicity in horses
93
What is Blister Beetle toxicity?
Epicauta spp beetle is eaten by horse when grazing alfalfa causing GI upset!
94
C/S of Blister beetle toxicity?
Oral ulcers and colic
95
Legume that may cause coagulation issues in livestock mostly cattle
Sweet clover
96
What is the caution with red clover?
may be contaminated with rhizoctonia leguminocola leading to Salframine accumulation
97
C/S of Slaframine toxicosis
salivary syndrome in horses
bloat, diarrhea, frequent urination
98
Alsike clover may ause problems related to _____ in horses
Photosensitization
99
Any low growing boradleaf plant that commonly grows with grass plants
Forbs
100
Another name for woody plants
Brose
101
T/F. The stems of plants have more fiber
T
102
T/F Plants that are flowering are more nutritious?
F. less
103
Select the tropical grass species:
a. Bermuda
b. Rye grass
Bermuda
104
What is Green Chop?
forage harvested daily and fed to dairy in bunks
105
Forage baled at low water content
Hay
106
Semi-wilted fermented grasses/legumes in bags
Haylage
107
Preserved short fibers that have a moisture higher than haylage and hay
Silage
108
What is silage?
any crop that is preserved anaerobicallly
109
What are the 3 types of silage?
1. Ensiled forages
2. Carbonaceoous
3. Proteinaceous
110
What are two examples of Carbonaceous silages?
1. Corn silage
| 2. Grass silage
111
What are two examples of Proteinaceous Silages
1. Alfalfa silage
| 2. Clover silage
112
Grains produced by plants of the grass family, provide immense tonnages of harvested grains
Cereal grains
113
Examples of Cereal grains
```
Corn
Rice
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Sorghum
```
114
Benefits of feeding corn
Highly palatable
High Energy
Low fiber
115
T/F corn is high in protein
F. low
116
Why is wheat not commonly used in animal feeds
May become pasty in GIT
117
What is Bran?
Grain by product removed when white flour is made
118
By- product of the sugar industry used to inc. palatability of the feed
Molasses
119
Dietary source of essential fatty acids
Fats and oils (F&O)
120
____ is the most important protein supplement
Soybean
121
Residue left after the cotton, lint, and hull have been removed
Cottonseed meal
122
Cottonseed meal congaing ____, which can be toxic to the heart, lungs, and repro organs
Gossypol
123
T/F Sunflowers and Peanuts are high in lysine
F. low
124
3 cereals used to make beer
1. corn
2. rye
3. malted barley
125
What is NPN?
Non protein nitrogen. Feed grade urea
126
What is the most common mineral supplement added to diets
Salt
127
Why is calcium and phosphorus added to animals diets?
skeletal growth, lactation, egg production
128
T/F Cereals are high in Ca and P?
F. very low
129
What are the 5 sources of Calcium phosphorus?
1. Dicalcium phosphate
2. Rock phosphates
3. Ca Carbonate
4. Limestone
5. Oyster shells
130
Where is Vit A found?
animal tissues
131
Where is Vit D found?
Sun-cured forages
| Fish liver oil
132
Where is Vit. E found
Germ or germ oil of plants,
| greeen plants or hays
133
Where is Vit K found?
Green plant material
134
Where is Vit B complex found?
Animal and fish by-products, dairy products
135
Ingredients or combination of ingredients added to the basic feed mix to fulfill a specific need
Feed additives
136
What are the 7 types of feed additives?
1. Antibiotics
2. Arsenicals
3. Coccidiostats
4. Nitrofurans
5. Hormones
6. Enzymes
7. Pigments
