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NEUROANATOMY > (1) Overview 1/2 > Flashcards

(1) Overview 1/2 Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system is divided into…. (2)

A

central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

nuclei vs ganglia

A

nuclei= cell bodies in CNS (similar structure & function)

ganglia= cell bodies in PNS (similar structure & function)

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3
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

brain
retina
spinal cord

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4
Q

what makes up the PNS?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

various ganglia

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5
Q

what are cranial nerves

A

emerge from brain and go to structures

theres 12

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6
Q

what are cranial nerves?

A

emerge form brain and go to spinal cord

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7
Q

3 main subdivisions of the brain

A

forebrain
cerebellum
brainstem

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8
Q

what is the forebrain composed of

A

2 massive cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

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9
Q

what separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

(medial) longitudinal fissure

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10
Q

are there more neurons or glial cells in the brain??

A

MORE GLIAL CELLS

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11
Q

how many neurons in the brain

A

100 billion neurons

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12
Q

how many glial cells in the brain

A

1 trillion glial cells in brain/spinal cord and PNS

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13
Q

what are neurons

A

information processing and signalling elements

used to convey information (electrical signals)

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14
Q

3 major components of a neuron

A

1) cell body/soma
2) dendrites
3) axon

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15
Q

function of cell body/soma?

A

supports metabolic and synthetic needs of neuron

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16
Q

function of dendrites?

A

RECEIVE information

  • they are tapering processes
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17
Q

function of axons?

A

conducts information AWAY from cell body

  • long, cylindrical processes
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18
Q

what are sensory neurons

A

either directly sensitive to various stimuli, or receive direction connections from non-neuronal receptor cells

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19
Q

where do motor neurons end?

A

directly on muscles, glands or other neurons in PNS ganglia

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20
Q

where are the processes of interneurons

A

processes confined to single small area in CNS

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21
Q

what are projecting neurons

A

have long axons connecting different areas

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22
Q

who is Ramon Cajal?

A

Father of Modern Neuroscience

  • neurons are individual elements
  • described functional circuits
  • pyramidal cell from layer 3 impregnanted with Golgi method
  • small number of cells get stained, able to differentiate structure led to identification of different cell types
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23
Q

what is Cajal famous for?

A

Golgi Technique & Silver stain

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24
Q

what are synapses

A

location where neurons COMMUNICATE with each other

  • input= dendrite
  • output= axon
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25
what is neuroanatomy?
describes connections between neurons that lead to pathways and circuits that subserve specific functions
26
3 types of neuroglial cells
1) Macroglia 2) microglia 3) ependymal cells
27
3 types of MACROGLIA
1- astrocytes 2- oligodendrocyte 3- Schwann Cell
28
2 types of astrocytes and associated with?
protoplasmic= associated with neuron CELL BODIES (gray matter) fibrous= associated with dendrites and axons, processes of neurons (white matter)
29
function of astrocytes
- regulate exchange of molecules - contributes to BBB - regulate blood flow - contribute to structural integrity of nervous tissue (structural support) - sense/monitor neural activity
30
what happens if increase Ca in astrocyte?
increase diameter of arteries (VASODILATION) - because astrocytes have processes onto them
31
how do astrocytes maintain composition of ECF?
have ability to clear away neurotransmitters released
32
are astrocytes in the CNS or PNS?
CNS
33
are oligodendrocytes in CNS or PNS?
CNS
34
structure of oligodendrocytes
- larger axons - thicker myelin - longer internodes
35
what do oligodendrocytes do?
myelin- producing cells
36
where do you find oligodendrocytes?
mostly in white matter | some in grey matter
37
are Schwann cells in CNS or PNS?
PNS
38
function of Schwann cells
- myelin forms electrical insulation around axons, allowing electrical signal generated in cell body to rapidly reach axon terminal - role of processes= provide metabolic support and electrical insulation
39
what is myelin
lipid wrapping around axons of neuronal processes
40
benefit of insulation (myelin)
reduces/prevents leakage of electrical currents allows signal to go long distances
41
special feature of Schwann cells
Nodes of Ranvier (gaps in myelin)
42
purpose of nodes of ranvier
permit regeneration of electrical signals passing down axon (with myelin signal degrades) - contain high density voltage-gated Na channels
43
are microglia in CNS or PNS?
CNS
44
role of Microglia
phagocytic role respond to CNS injury
45
what does microglia do when damage occurs?
become active and proliferate, reproduce and migrate from one region to another - clear damage, protect structures, allow recovery
46
where are Ependymal cells found?
line walls of ventricular system hollow cavities in brain that contain CSF
47
3 characteristics of grey matter
darker less myelin rich in cell bodies
48
2 characteristics of white matter
paler colour rick in processes (mostly axons, some dendrites) - axons have myelin sheath that is mostly lipid (white appearance)
49
afferent vs efferent
afferent= sensory efferent= motor
50
2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system
somatic visceral/motor
51
where is the somatic NS located
in outer tube of body - skin, muscles on outside, joints, bones (etc)
52
afferent component of somatic NS
sensory= conscious or unconscious - sensation from skin: pain, temperature, touch - muscle and joint position: proprioception
53
efferent component of somatic NS
motor= conscious or unconscious - innervation of skeletal muscle (conscious or unconscious--- reflex)
54
where is the visceral NS located
inner tube of body - blood vessels, gut, digestive system, glands, arteries (etc)
55
afferent component of visceral NS
sensory= usually unconscious - monitoring status of internal organs (heart, lungs, digestive tract, etc.)
56
efferent component of visceral NS
motor= unconscious - innervation smooth muscle (gut, arteries) and glands (salivary, tear)
57
purpose of convolutions on cerebrum and cerebellum
to increase surface area
58
2 types of convolutions on cerebrum
gyri= mountains (bumps) sulci= valleys (grooves)
59
2 types of convolutions on cerebellum
folia= mountains (bumps) fissures= valleys (grooves)
60
6 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
``` frontal parietal temporal occipital limbic insula ```
61
function of central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobe aka sulcus of Rolando
62
function of lateral sulcus
separates frontal/parietal lobe from temporal lobe
63
3 components of brainstem
midbrain pons medulla
64
function of corpus callosum
white matter connects cerebral hemispheres
65
corpus callosum is divided into 3 parts
``` R= rostrum G= genus S= splenium ```
66
diencephalon consists of.... 3 things
thalamus hypothalamus (below thalamus) epithalamus (pineal gland)= above thalamus
67
2 arterial blood supplies to the brain
internal carotids vertebral arteries
68
what are internal carotids
principal source of blood to the brain
69
what are vertebral arteries
blood supply to brain passes along vertebral column, enters skull posteriorly come together on surface of brainstem to form singular midline artery= basilar artery
70
how many vessels from heart to brain
4 in total
71
what does the external carotid artery supply?
blood to the face
72
what is the circle of willis
aka cerebral arterial circle connects arteries together
73
what 3 arteries emerge from the circle of willis
posterior, middle and anterior cerebral artery
74
which artery is primarily affected is someone has a stroke affecting the brain?
middle cerebral artery

NEUROANATOMY (7 decks)

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