1. Overview

Question 1

Autotrophs

Answer 1

Producers

Question 2

Heterotrophs

Answer 2

Consumers

Question 3

Herbivores

Answer 3

• Horses have highly developed hindgut, continuously secreting glands; small stomach/huge cecum and colon
• Ruminants have highly developed foregut (microbial) and hindgut, almost continuous secretion (have gall bladder)
• Eyes set apart on head for defense from predators; no binocular vision
• Grinding with molars

Question 4

Kleiber’s Law

Answer 4

Large animals need to eat less food per unit of body weight than smaller animals, however, large animals are anatomically equipped to eat coarser/larger plants (less energy dense)

Question 5

Carnivores

Answer 5

• Simplest monogastric pattern, large gastric capacity
• Eat sporadically, with large meals so glands secrete when they need to
• Store bile until needed (gall bladder)
• Binocular vision and depth perception
• Tearing/crushing with teeth

Question 6

Omnivores

Answer 6

Characteristics similar to carnivores, but they also eat plants

Question 7

Gall bladder function in canine and felines

Answer 7

Bile stored in gall bladder and modified

- Postprandial CCK relaxes sphincter and contracts gall bladder

Question 8

Function of oral cavity

Answer 8

Mastication, lubrication, rendere material suitable for gastric digestion

Question 9

Function of parotid gland secretions

Answer 9

Lubricates ingesta for transit (low in digestive enzymes), some alkalization of pH in stomach (ruminants)

Question 10

Function of stomach

Answer 10

Acid and pepsin for digestion, mixing ingesta, large non-glandular in herbivores

Question 11

Function of pancreas

Answer 11

pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease) for digestion of CHO, fat, proteins; source of bicarbonate for alkalinization

Question 12

Function of liver

Answer 12

secretion of bile salts (digest fat) and bicarbonate (buffer)

Question 13

Function of small intestine

Answer 13

where digestion begins and most important site for absorption, villi for surface digestion and absorption, produce regulatory peptides important for control of GI function

Question 14

Function of large intestine

Answer 14

site for processing fiber, absorption of electrolytes/VFAs/water, produces waste in final form for elimination, NO VILLI

Question 15

Gall bladder in ruminants and pigs

Answer 15

Gall bladder present - has a loose sphincter of Oddi = almost continuous secretion

Question 16

Gall bladder in horses

Answer 16

NO gall bladder, continuous secretion directly from liver

Question 17

Transport pathways

Answer 17

Paracellular = between cells, tight junctions
Transcellular = through cell

Question 18

What is the effect of ischemia?

Answer 18

Damages absorptive surfaces