Study Questions - Dr. Freeman (36Q)

Question 1

Which one of the following is incorrect regarding salivary secretion in animals?

a. Salivary ducts modify composition, especially at low flow rates
b. Mastication of food stimulates parotid salivary secretion in horses
c. Parotid saliva is low in calcium in horses
d. Pharyngeal stimulation increases parotid salivary secretion in ruminants
e. Saliva has a high concentration of bicarbonate in ruminants

Answer 1

c. Parotid saliva is low in calcium in horses

Question 2

Which of the following is TRUE about salivary gland secretions in veterinary physiology? Saliva:

a. flows in response to adrenergic stimulation
b. contributes chloride to form HCl in the stomach
c. from the parotid gland is mainly serous
d. contributes significantly to fat digestion
e. provides buffer for duodenal contents

Answer 2

c. from the parotid gland is mainly serous

Question 3

Which one of the following would play a critical role in esophageal emptying in a horse with an obstruction in the mid esophagus?

a. gastric reflux
b. mucus production from the esophageal mucosa
c. secondary peristalsis
d. administration of atropine
e. a low pH diet to increase salivation

Answer 3

c. secondary peristalsis

Question 4

Control of secretion in the alimentary tract often involves negative feedback loops in which the secreted product blocks secretion or production of the secretagogue that stimulates its secretion. Which one of the following is an example of this process?

a. secretin blocks its own secretions
b. trypsin blocks the secretion of cholecystokinin
c. lipase blocks the secretion of secretin
d. all enzymes block the secretion of cholecystokinin
e. amylase blocks the secretion of gastrin

Answer 4

b. trypsin blocks the secretion of cholecystokinin (and secretin - occurs when there are decreased proteins)

Question 5

The following is a list of statements about pancreatic enzyme activities. Identify one that is incorrect.

a. trypsin activates prolipase to lipase
b. pancreatic amylase is responsible for digestion of starch
c. secretion of proteolytic enzymes as zymogens protects the pancreas
d. trypsinogen is activated by enteropeptidase in the duodenal mucosa
e. pancreatic lipase is responsible for digestion of fat

Answer 5

a. trypsin activates prolipase to lipase

Question 6

The following is a list of statements about secretion by glandular cells. Identify one that is incorrect.

a. secretor vesicles are released from apical surface of a pancreatic acinar cell
b. cyclic nucleotides, polyphosphoinositides, and calcium ions are intracellular messengers that respond to hormones
c. extracellular agents that initiate secretion are neurotransmitters and hormones
d. the proteases of the pancreas are released into the acinus in the active form
e. activation of a secretory cell by a hormone from an adjacent cell is a paracrine response

Answer 6

d. the proteases of the pancreas are released into the acinus in the active form

Question 7

Complete this statement correctly. Trypsin:

a. is secreted in its active form by the pancreas
b. is responsible for fat digestion in the jejunum
c. degrades CCK-releasing factor
d. secretion is inhibited by cholecystokinin
e. activates enteropeptidase in the duodenum

Answer 7

c. degrades CCK-releasing factor

Question 8

Which of the following groups of organs provides bicarbonate to buffer gastric contents as they enter the duodenum?

a. liver, parotid glands, duodenum
b. liver, pancreas, kidneys
c. parotid glands, pancreas, duodenum
d. liver, pancreas, duodenum
e. duodenum, pancreas, kidneys

Answer 8

d. liver, pancreas, duodenum

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the 3 mechanisms of communication that mediate response in the gastrointestinal tract is true?

a. the 3 mechanisms are paracrine, exocrine, and neurocrine
b. afferent vagal fibers are usually the final pathway to neurocrine effects
c. for an endocrine mediator, communication with the target cell is by local diffusion
d. for a paracrine mediator, communication with the target cell involves diffusion into the intestinal lumen
e. acetylcholine release from nerve endings usually mediates the response to a neurocrine effect

Answer 9

e. acetylcholine release from nerve endings usually mediates the response to a neurocrine effect

Question 10

Identify the correct association between a hormone and a response from the pancreas

a. secretin and increased enzyme secretion
b. cholecytoskinin and increased water secretion in the horse
c. gastrin and increased electrolyte secretion in the horse
d. VIP and increased enzyme secretion
e. secretion and zymogen activation in the lumen
f. somatostatin and increased enzyme secretion

Answer 10

c. gastrin and increased electrolyte secretion in the horse

Question 11

Which pair of the following glands or organs responds to secretin (as they contribute to alkalization of duodenal contents)?

a. liver, parotid glands
b. pancreas, kidneys
c. pancreas, duodenum
d. liver, duodenum
e. liver, pancreas

Answer 11

e. liver, pancreas

Question 12

Complete the sentence correctly. Conjugation of bile salts

a. increases the pKa of bile acids
b. is primarily with taurine in cats
c. increases passive absorption of bile salts by the small intestine
d. makes bile salts insoluble in intestinal contents
e. forms adeno- and tauro- conjugated bile salts

Answer 12

b. is primarily with taurine in cats

Question 13

Bile salt dependent flow of bile involves

a. the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts
b. synthesis of 94% of the bile pool daily
c. colonic absorption of secondary bile salts
d. active transport of bile by the jejunum
e. passive transport of bile in the ileum

Answer 13

a. the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts

Question 14

The salt and water component of bile involves all but one of the following. Which is incorrect?

a. secretin
b. water and ion content of the bile
c. bicarbonate secretion
d. the bile ducts
e. conjugation of bile salts

Answer 14

e. conjugation of bile salts

Question 15

Alkalinization of duodenal contents is important for which one of the following gastrointestinal functions?

a. gall bladder contraction
b. secretin secretion
c. digestive enzyme activity
d. CCK secretion
e. conversion of trypsin to chymotrypsin

Answer 15

c. digestive enzyme activity

Question 16

Which of the following relationships between structure and function in the gastrointestinal tract is correct?

a. crypts and chloride secretion
b. Brunner’s glands and hormone secretion
c. colon and nutrient absorption
d. colon and bile salt absorption
e. villi and disaccharide absorption

Answer 16

a. crypts and chloride secretion

Other correct answers:

• brunner gland’s and mucus secretion
• colon and water absorption
• villi and amino acid absorption

Question 17

Micellar solubilization is directly involved in one of the following steps in fat digestion and absorption. Identify the correct answer:

a. Re-esterification of fatty acids and mono glycerides to form chylomicrons
b. diffusion of fatty acids and mono glycerides through the unstirred layer
c. absorption of micelles to release their contents into the cell
d. facilitates transport of fatty acids and mono glycerides in the lymphatics
e. facilitates reabsorption of bile salts by the ileum

Answer 17

b. diffusion of fatty acids and mono glycerides through the unstirred layer

Question 18

Which of the following statements about absorption of nutrients by intestine and coupling of the absorption step to another brush border process, such as cotransport or digestion, is correct?

a. dipeptides and tripeptides must be hydrolyzed to amino acids to be absorbed
b. amino acid absorption is enhanced by cotransport with potassium
c. monosaccharides are converted to disaccharides for absorption
d. fructose uses a Na-independent transport system called GLUT5
e. brush border enzymes produce the final products for fat absorption

Answer 18

d. fructose uses a Na-independent transport system called GLUT5
e. brush border enzymes produce the final products for fat absorption (would be correct if it said for protein and starch digestion)

Question 19

Which of the following statements about salt and water absorption by the GI tract is incorrect?

a. the tightness of a tissue is determined by permeability of its paracellular pathway
b. cotransport with Na is important for absorption of many nutrients and ions
c. the Na-K pump provides the low intracellular concentration of Na that enhances is absorption
d. because it is a tight epithelium, water absorption by the jejunum is very efficient
e. water diffuses into the intercellular space in response to Na absorption

Answer 19

d. because it is a tight epithelium, water absorption by the jejunum is very efficient (colon would be correct)

Question 20

Which one of the following statements about digestion and absorption of nutrients by the intestine is incorrect?

a. protein digestion products can be absorbed as dipeptides, tripeptides, and AAs
b. nursing animals have lactase in the small intestine that decrease in activity with age, and lactose intolerance develops
c. disaccharides and oligosaccharides are converted to monosaccharides for absorption
d. net iron absorption is enhanced when plasma iron and iron stores in the body are high
e. calcium absorption is enhanced through synthesis of a calcium-binding protein

Answer 20

d. net iron absorption is enhanced when plasma iron and iron stores in the body are high

Question 21

Which one of the following statements is false?

a. in hepatic insufficiency, neurotoxic effect of ammonia become evident
b. complex carbs that are indigestible in the small intestine can be used to prevent colonic absorption of ammonia
c. micellar solubilization facilitates the movement of fatty acids across an unstirred water layer
d. a low plasma iron induces synthesis of iron-binding protein in migrating epithelial cells
e. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol induces synthesis of calcium binding protein that facilitates calcium movement out of the cell
f. colonic bacteria produce urease that converts urea to ammonia

Answer 21

d. a low plasma iron induces synthesis of iron-binding protein in migrating epithelial cells

Question 22

Which one of the following statements about ion absorption by the intestine is true?

a. the negative intracellular electrical charge does not favor chloride entry into the cell
b. most sodium crosses intestinal epithelium through tight junctions at the base of the cells
c. the sodium concentration inside the cell is higher than it is outside
d. secondary active transport is characterized by Na exchange for Cl
e. net water movement is an active process independent of Na ion transport

Answer 22

a. the negative intracellular electrical charge does not favor chloride entry into the cell

Question 23

Which one of the following is true about small intestinal diarrhea induced by E. coli enterotoxin?

a. the excess secretion is caused by stimulation of cyclic AMP in the colon
b. stimulation of cyclic AMP by the enterotoxin increases Na secretion by villus cells
c. the fluid loss can be treated by oral solutions that contain glucose
d. fluid loss is exacerbated by villous blunting caused by enterotoxin
e. the enterotoxin blocks the sodium/glucose cotransporter

Answer 23

c. the fluid loss can be treated by oral solutions that contain glucose

Question 24

Which one of the following is incorrect about the absorptive anatomy of the intestine?

a. microvilli project from apices of surface epithelial cells, and they contribute to surface digestion and absorption in the SI
b. villi are finger-like projections of mucosa that are found in the small and large intestines
c. individual cells are joined by tight junctions below the apical surface of cells
d. intercellular spaces between cells can fill with water and Na that the cells have absorbed
e. immature cells migrate from the crypts and acquire properties of mature cells as they approach the villus tip

Answer 24

b. villi are finger-like projections of mucosa that are found in the small and large intestines

Question 25

Which one of the following statements is true? a. surface digestion of nutrients takes place in the small intestine and in the colon b. AA absorption requires H+, di- and tri- peptides depends on Na instead c. several diagnostic tests in animals with malassimilation probe different aspects of protein digestion and absorption d. absorbed monoglycerides leave cells to enter the blood stream directly e. products of carb digestion are absorbed as monosaccharides only

Answer 25

e. products of carb digestion are absorbed as monosaccharides only

Question 26

The purpose of the enterosystemic cycle is to conserve plasma water and volume through colonic absorption of water and ions. Which one of the following is true about this process? a. the small intestine contributes to water conservation to the same extent as the colon b. aldosterone stimulates Na and water secretion by the colon c. feeding a horse two large meals a day increases its plasma volume d. the major source of water in the GI tract is water produced by fiber digestion e. diarrhea caused by salmonella infection interferes with the colon's ability to absorb water

Answer 26

e. diarrhea caused by salmonella infection interferes with the colon's ability to absorb water

Question 27

Which one of the following does not play a role in control of normal gastric emptying? a. high caloric density b. pH c. osmolality d. CCK e. Pectin

Answer 27

e. Pectin (also, barium)

Question 28

Complete the statement correctly. The colon: a. has villi similar to those in the jejunum b. of the horse, can absorb the equivalent of the animal's body weight in water daily c. can retain large particles for prolonged digestion through coordinated propulsion and retropulsion d. is lined by the cells with shorter microvilli than in the SI e. is the main site of mucosal damage in pigs with malabsorption caused by transmissible gastroenteritis

Answer 28

c. can retain large particles for prolonged digestion through coordinated propulsion and retropulsion

Question 29

Osmolality of a hypertonic meal changes in which direction as it passes from the stomach to the jejunum? a. isotonic in stomach, hypertonic in duodenum and jejunum b. hypertonic in stomach, approaching isotonic in duodenum, isotonic in jejunum c. isotonic in stomach, approaching hypotonic in duodenum, hypotonic in jejunum d. hypertonic in stomach, hypotonic in duodenum, hypotonic in jejunum e. isotonic in stomach, hypotonic in duodenum, hypertonic in jejunum

Answer 29

b. hypertonic in stomach, approaching isotonic in duodenum, isotonic in jejunum

Question 30

Receptive relaxation in the stomach is dependent on which one of the following? a. gastrin b. sympathetic innervation c. CCK d. secretin e. vagus nerve

Answer 30

e. vagus nerve

Question 31

Gastric acid secretion is self-regulating, which one of the following describes this process correctly? A. CCK stimulates acid secretion, and acid secreted by the chief cells inhibits gastrin release from the G cells. B. Gastrin simulates acid secretion, and acid secreted by the parietal cells inhibits gastrin release from the G cells C. Pepsin stimulates acid secretion, and acid secreted by the G cells inhibits gastrin release from the chief cells. D. Gastrin stimulates acid secretion, and acid secreted by the chief cells inhibits gastrin release from the i cells E. CCK stimulates acid secretion, and acid secreted by the parietal cells inhibits gastrin released from the G cells

Answer 31

B. Gastrin simulates acid secretion, and acid secreted by the parietal cells inhibits gastrin release from the G cells

Question 32

Which one of the following correctly describes one of the roles of trypsin? A. Stimulates enzymes secretion by the pancreas B. Converts amylase to its active form C. Inhibits CCK secretion by the duodenum D. Stimulates bicarbonate secretion by the bile ducts

Answer 32

C. Inhibits CCK secretion by the duodenum

Question 33

Which one of the following causes the small intestinal malabsorption by villous blunting without cell invasion? ``` A. TGE infection in pigs B. Parvovirus infection in dogs C. E. Coli infection in pigs D. C. Parvum infection in calves E. Rotavirus infection in foals ```

Answer 33

D. C. Parvum infection in calves

Question 34

Pancreatic secretion has some different features in horses than in other animals. Which one is correct? Compared with other species of domestic animals, pancreatic secretion in horses: ``` A. Has a high concentration of enzymes B. Is produced in a low total volume C. Has a high concentration of Cl D. Is secreted at diurnal intervals E. Is largely influenced by secretin ```

Answer 34

C. Has a high concentration of Cl

Question 35

Which one of the following is correct regarding salivary secretion in animals? A. Saliva is an important source of amylase B. Saliva is involved in evaporative cooling in dogs and cats C. Mastication of food stimulates parotid salivary secretion in dogs D. Adrenergic stimulation is responsible for increased salivary flow E. Saliva has a low concentration of bicarb in ruminants F. Salivary ducts have little effect on composition, regardless of flow rates G. Pharyngeal stimulation inhibits parotid salivary secretion in ruminants H. The only cations that can be found in ruminant saliva are Na and Ca

Answer 35

B. Saliva is involved in evaporative cooling in dogs and cats

Question 36

Incorrect about pancreatic enzyme activity A. Pancreatic amylase is responsible for the digestion of starch B. Secretion of proteolytic enzymes as zymogens protects the pancreas C. Trypsinogen is effective as a proteolytic agent at intestinal pH D. Pancreatic lipase is responsible for digestion of fat E. Trypsin activates procolipase to lipase

Answer 36

C. Trypsinogen is effective as a proteolytic agent at intestinal pH

Question 37

Which is correct about absorption of nutrients by the intestine and coupling of the absorption step to another process A. Dipeptides and tripeptides can only be absorbed as AA's B. AA absorption is enhanced by cotransport with H+ C. Monosaccharides are converted to disaccharides and oligosaccharides for absorption D. Vitamin K absorption is enhanced by cotransport with sodium E. Brush border enzymes produced the final products for protein and starch absorption

Answer 37

E. Brush border enzymes produced the final products for protein and starch absorption

Question 38

Which is true about absorption? A. Ion gradient hypothesis involves coupling between solute and Cl transport B. Most passive movement of ions occurs by transcellular movement C. Solvent drag moves small water soluble substrates by the paracellular route D. Net water movement is an active process independent of osmotic pressure gradients E. Intercellular spaces collapse during water absorption

Answer 38

C. Solvent drag moves small water soluble substrates by the paracellular route

Question 39

Which is false? A. The colon is the most important source of ammonia B. Intestinal cells do not produce urease C. In hepatic insufficiency or portosystemic shunts, neurotoxic effects of ammonia become evident D. Dietary manipulation can decrease colonic pH and thereby increase ammonia absorption E. Cells that absorb iron from iron-binding proteins that complex with ferrous iron

Answer 39

D. Dietary manipulation can decrease colonic pH and thereby increase ammonia absorption

Question 40

Which is false? A. In hepatic insufficiency, neurotoxic effects of ammonia become evident B. Complex carbs that are indigestible in the small intestine can be used to prevent colonic absorption of ammonia C. Micellar solubilization facilitates movement of fatty acids across the unstirred layer D. A diet low in iron induces synthesis of iron-binding protein in migrating epithelial cells E. Vitamin D synthesis of calcium-binding protein that facilitates the calcium movement out of the cell

Answer 40

D. A diet low in iron induces synthesis of iron-binding protein in migrating epithelial cells

Question 41

Which is true about ion absorption by the intestine? A. The negative intracellular electrical charge does not favor Cl- entry into the cell B. Most Na crosses the intestinal epithelium through tight junctions at the base of cells C. The [Na] inside the cell is higher than it is outside D. Secondary active transport is characterized by sodium exchange for Cl E. Net water movement is an active process independent of Na ion transport

Answer 41

A. The negative intracellular electrical charge does not favor Cl- entry into the cell

Question 42

Which of the following statements about sodium ion absorption by intestine is true? A. Most sodium crosses the intestinal epithelium through basal tight junctions B. Na/K pump is blocked by E. Coli enterotoxin C. Secondary active transport is characterized by sodium exchange for Cl D. Net water movement is an active process independent of Na ion transport E. Low intracellular [Na] is produced by the Na/K pump

Answer 42

E. Low intracellular [Na] is produced by the Na/K pump

Question 43

Which is true about small intestine diarrhea induced by E. Coli? A. The excess secretion is caused by stimulation of cyclic AMP in the colon B. Stimulation of cAMP by the enterotoxin increases Na secretion by villus cells C. The fluid loss can be treated by oral solutions that contain glucose D. Fluid loss is exacerbated by villous blunting caused by enterotoxin E. The enterotoxin blocks the Na/glucose transported

Answer 43

C. The fluid loss can be treated by oral solutions that contain glucose

Question 44

Which is correct about diarrhea caused by malassimilation and malabsorption? A. Salmonella in the colon damages surface cells and causes salt and water malabsorption B. Malabsorption induced by E. Coli is caused by villus blunting in the small intestine C. Parvovirus in dogs causes malabsorption by direct damage to surface epithelial cells D. TGE virus in pigs causes malabsorption by damaging crypt cells E. Monosaccharide absorption tests can be used to detect malabsorption in the large colon

Answer 44

A. Salmonella in the colon damages surface cells and causes salt and water malabsorption

Question 45

The major feature of secondary peristalsis that distinguishes it from primary peristalsis is that secondary peristalsis A. Takes place only in the smooth muscle portion of the esophagus B. Is purely under sympathetic control C. Takes place is response to a swallowing maneuver started in the pharynx D. Is induced by the presence of a bolus anywhere along the esophageal body E. Has greater amplitude and propagation than primary peristalsis

Answer 45

D. Is induced by the presence of a bolus anywhere along the esophageal body

Question 46

Which one of the following is false in esophageal physiology? A. The lower esophageal sphincter is a physiologically distinct unit B. The cricopharyngeus muscle is an important component of the upper esophageal sphincter C. Reverse peristalsis in the esophagus is the final step in vomition D. Velocity of propagation is more rapid in the striated than in the smooth muscle portion of the esophagus E. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is found predominantly int he smooth muscle coats

Answer 46

C. Reverse peristalsis in the esophagus is the final step in vomition

Question 47

Which of the following is true about the digestion and absorption of fat? A. Triglycerides are incorporated intact into micelles B. Micellar solubilization facilitates movement of fatty acids across the unstirred water layer C. Micelles are formed from secondary bile salts and are absorbed intact by the cells D. Absorbed triglycerides are broken down in the cell into fatty acids and monoglycerides E. Monoglycerides leave cells to enter the blood stream directly

Answer 47

B. Micellar solubilization facilitates movement of fatty acids across the unstirred water layer

Question 48

The enterosystemic cycle is influenced by which of the following ``` A. Vasopressin B. Angiotensin C. Secretin D. CCK E. Aldosterone ```

Answer 48

E. Aldosterone

Question 49

Which is correct about colon and feeding practices in horses? A. Digestive secretions in response to a large meal can draw fluid from the extracellular space B. Intermittent feeding can increase plasma volume and cause overhydration C. Feeding increases the number of facultative anaerobes in the colon D. Continuous feeding can induce impaction colic E. Capacity of the colon on the body weight basis is the same for horses and pigs

Answer 49

A. Digestive secretions in response to a large meal can draw fluid from the extracellular space

Question 50

Which is true about small intestinal secretion inducted by E. Coli enterotoxin? A. This secretion is caused by stimulation of cAMP in crypt cells. B. This secretion is caused by epithelial damage from enterotoxin C. The fluid loss can be treated by a high fat diet that stimulates water absorption D. Fluid loss is exacerbated by villous blunting caused by the enterotoxin E. The main ion secreted by crypt cells is hydrogen ion.

Answer 50

A. This secretion is caused by stimulation of cAMP in crypt cells.

Question 51

Which is not a means of protecting mucosa of the canine small intestine from gastric acid? ``` A. Bicarb secretion from the pancreas B. Mucus from brunners glands and mucus cells C. Bicarb secretion from the liver D. Bicarb secretion from the duodenum E. Bicarb secretion in saliva ```

Answer 51

E. Bicarb secretion in saliva (or stomach)

Question 52

Bile-salt independent flow of bile involves all but one of the following ``` A. Secretin B. Water and ion content of the bile C. Bicarb secretion D. The bile ducts E. Conjugation of bile salts ```

Answer 52

E. Conjugation of bile salts

Question 53

Alkalinization of duodenal contents is important for which one of the following gastrointestinal functions? ``` A. Gall bladder contraction B. Digestive enzyme activity C. CCK secretions D. Conjugation of bile E. Activation of trypsin ```

Answer 53

B. Digestive enzyme activity

Question 54

Which one of the following relationships between structure and function in the gastrointestinal tract is correct? ``` A. Crypts and Na secretion B. Brunner's glands and hormone secretion C. Colon and nutrient absorption D. Colon and bile salt absorption E. Villi and AA absorption ```

Answer 54

E. Villi and AA absorption

Question 55

Micellar solubilization is directly involved in one of the following steps in fat digestion and absorption. Which one is correct? A. Re-esterification of fatty acids and monoglycerides to form chylomicrons B. Diffusion of fatty acids and monoglycerides through the unstirred layer C. Absorption as micelles to release their contents into the cell D. Facilitates transport of fatty acids and monoglycerides into the lymphatics E. Facilitates reabsorption of bile salts by the ileum

Answer 55

B. Diffusion of fatty acids and monoglycerides through the unstirred layer

Question 56

Which is correct about absorption of nutrients by the intestine and coupling of the absorption step to another brush border process, such as cotransport or digestion A. Dipeptides and tripeptides must be hydrolyzed to AA's to be absorbed B. AA absorption is enhanced by cotransport with K C. Monosaccharides are converted to disaccharides for absorption D. Fructose uses a Na-dependent transport system called SGLTI E. Brush border enzymes produce the final products for protein and starch absorption

Answer 56

E. Brush border enzymes produce the final products for protein and starch absorption

Question 57

Which is incorrect about digestion and absorption of nutrients by the intestine? A. Protein digestion products can be absorbed as dipeptides, tripeptides, and AA's B. Nursing animals have lactase in the small intestine that decreases in activity with age, and lactose intolerance develops C. Disaccharides and oligosaccharides are converted to monosaccharides for absorption D. Iron absorption is enhanced when plasma iron and iron stores in the body are high E. Ca absorption in enhanced through synthesis of Ca-binding protein

Answer 57

D. Iron absorption is enhanced when plasma iron and iron stores in the body are high

Question 58

Which of the following statements about anatomy and function of small intestinal mucosa is correct? A. Microvilli are finger-like projections on the small intestinal mucosa B. Tight junctions are typically high importance to water and small solutes C. Intercellular spaces collapse during water absorption D. Microvilli are sites of surface digestion and absorption of nutrients E. Mucosa of colon is structurally similar but functionally different to that of the small intestine

Answer 58

D. Microvilli are sites of surface digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 59

Which of the following statements about ion transport is correct? A. The Na-K pump is located on the apical (Luminal) surface of villus cells. B. The NaCl cotransporter on villus cells is stimulated by cyclic AMP C. Sodium absorption is important for transepithelial movement of other ions and water D. The driving force for chloride entry into the cell is its low intracellular concentration and positive interior of the cell membrane E. Solvent drag refers to water absorption across the cell membrane in response to glucose absorption.

Answer 59

C. Sodium absorption is important for transepithelial movement of other ions and water

Question 60

Which of the following is FALSE about salivary gland secretions in veterinary physiology? Saliva: a. lubricates ingesta b. aids in mastication and swallowing c. from the parotid gland is mainly serous d. contributes significantly to fat digestion e. provides buffer for rumen contents

Answer 60

d. contributes significantly to fat digestion

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT absorbed by the colon? a. VFAs b. ions c. amino acids d. water e. ammonia

Answer 61

c. amino acids

Question 62

Complete this statement correctly: The colon a. has villi similar to those in the jejunum b. of the horse can absorb the equivalent of the animal's body weight in water daily c. can retain large particles for prolonged digestion through coordinated propulsion and retropulsion d. is lined by cells with shorter microvilli than in the small intestine e. is the main site of mucosal damage in pigs with malabsorption caused by TGE f. is an important site of carbohydrate digestion and absorption

Answer 62

c. can retain large particles for prolonged digestion through coordinated propulsion and retropulsion

Question 63

Which of the following is correct regarding salivary secretion in animals? a. saliva is an important source of amylase b. saliva is important for gastric buffering in horses c. the sight of food stimulates salivary secretion in horses d. adrenergic stimulation is responsible for increased salivary flow e. saliva has a high concentration of bicarbonate in ruminants

Answer 63

e. saliva has a high concentration of bicarbonate in ruminants

Question 64

Which one of the following is true about salivary secretion? a. at high rates of flow, the composition of the final secretion is very similar to the primary secretion b. epithelium lining the ducts contribute water to the final secretion c. the acinus is that part of the duct system that has the greatest ability to modify the electrolyte composition of saliva d. modification of saliva by the ducts is produced by a sodium/bicarbonate exchange e. ruminant saliva is low in bicarbonate at all rates of flow

Answer 64

a. at high rates of flow, the composition of the final secretion is very similar to the primary secretion

Question 65

The following is a list of statements about secretion by glandular cells. Identify one that is incorrect. a. secretor vesicles are released from apical surface of a pancreatic acinar cell b. cyclic nucleotides, polyphosphoinositides, and calcium ions are intracellular messengers that respond to hormones c. in the pancreas, CCK stimulation at physiological doses is mainly mediated by a direct effect on pancreatic cells d. extracellular agents that initiate secretion are neurotransmitters and hormones e. activation of a secretory cell by a hormone from an adjacent cell is a paracrine response

Answer 65

c. in the pancreas, CCK stimulation at physiological doses is mainly mediated by a direct effect on pancreatic cells (indirect vagal or increased dose directly is CORRECT)

Question 66

Which of the following is correct about nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine? a. micelles facilitate movement of fat breakdown products across the basolateral surface of the epithelial cell b. breakdown of dietary starch to disaccharides is the final step before absorption of sugars c. vitamin D produces a calcium-binding protein that decreases calcium absorption d. amino acid absorption requires Na+, di- and tries-peptides depend on H+ instead e. with high iron stores and high plasma iron, crypt cells are exposed to high iron concentrations and produce villus cells low in iron-binding protein

Answer 66

d. amino acid absorption requires Na+, di- and tries-peptides depend on H+ instead

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true? a. all products of digestion are absorbed as monomeric units, with the exception of certain disaccharides b. surface digestion of nutrients takes place in the small intestine, but not in the colon c. glucose and galactose are transported by facilitated diffusion d. several diagnostic tests in animals with malassimilation probe different aspects of protein digestion and absorption e. fructose uses an Na-dependent transport system called SGLT1

Answer 67

b. surface digestion of nutrients takes place in the small intestine, but not in the colon e. is not correct because glucose and galactose use SGLT1

Question 68

Microbial fermentation in the colon depends on certain conditions that favor bacterial activity. Which one of the following does not belong on the list of favorable conditions? a. availability of substrate b. prolonged retention time c. anaerobic conditions d. ability to maintain an acidic pH e. ability to buffer contents

Answer 68

d. ability to maintain an acidic pH

Question 69

Which one of the following is false about the enterosystemic cycle? a. aldosterone stimulates water and sodium secretion by the colon b. diarrhea caused by salmonella infection interferes with colon's ability to absorb water c. large volumes of extracellular fluid enter the gastrointestinal tract to support digestive secretions d. meal consumption stimulates digestive tract secretions and can thereby drain the extracellular fluid space e. failure of the body to recover fluid in the gastrointestinal tract secretions can lead to dehydration

Answer 69

a. aldosterone stimulates water and sodium secretion by the colon

Question 70

Which of the following is not a step in triglyceride absorption in the small intestine? a. lipolysis of the dietary triglyceride by pancreatic enzymes b. micellar solubilization of the resulting long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides by bile acids secreted by the liver c. facilitated movement of the micellee through the aqueous phase of lumen contents so that it can reach the cell surface d. absorption of the fatty acids and monoglycerides into the mucosal cell with subsequent re-esterification and formation of chylomicrons e. delivery of the chylomicrons directly into splanchnic capillaries

Answer 70

e. delivery of the chylomicrons directly into splanchnic capillaries (lymphatics is correct)

Question 71

Which one of the following is false about trypsin in digestive physiology? Trypsin: a. is secreted by the pancreas as trypsinogen b. is activated by enteropeptidase in the intestinal mucosa c. activates the proteolytic enzymes in the intestinal lumen d. in the intestine suppresses CCK release e. stimulates secretion of secretin by the intestinal mucosa

Answer 71

e. stimulates secretion of secretin by the intestinal mucosa

Question 72

The following is a list of statements about pancreatic enzyme activities. Identify one that is incorrect. a. pancreatic amylase is responsible for digestion of starch b. secretion of proteolytic enzymes as zymogens protects the pancreas from enzymatic injury c. all pancreatic enzymes are secreted as zymogens d. pancreatic lipase is responsible for digestion of fat e. trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

Answer 72

c. all pancreatic enzymes are secreted as zymogens - NOT lipase and amylase

Question 73

Complete the following statement correctly. When plasma iron is low: a. crypt cells synthesize more iron-binding protein b. villus epithelial cells synthesize more iron-binding protein c. villus cells are turned over slowly so the can absorb more iron d. crypt cells synthesize less iron-binding protein e. villus cells synthesize more iron-transport protein

Answer 73

d. crypt cells synthesize less iron-binding protein

Question 74

The intestinal tract absorbs water from one dilute environment (lumen contents) to another (blood). Which one of the following is not involved in this process? a. water follows movement of sodium and chloride across the epithelium b. the high osmotic pressure produced by absorption of sodium draws water into the intracellular space c. the sodium potassium pump is the driving force for sodium absorption d. the water absorbed in response to the osmotic pressure gradient is initially retained within the cells e. the absorbed water creates a hydrostatic pressure that forces water and electrolytes to flow towards the capillary

Answer 74

d. the water absorbed in response to the osmotic pressure gradient is initially retained within the cells

Question 75

The following is a list of benefits from acid neutralization in the small intestine. Which one of the following does not belong on the list? a. pepsin inactivation b. prevention of acid-pepsin damage to the small intestine c. improved pH for pancreatic brush border enzymes d. increased solubility of bile acids and fatty acids e. control of the intraluminal bacterial population

Answer 75

e. control of the intraluminal bacterial population

Question 76

Which one of the following would play a critical role in esophageal emptying in a 25 kg dog prone to obstruction in the mid esophagus? a. gastric reflux b. secondary peristalsis c. mucus production from the esophageal mucosa d. atropine before each meal e. a low pH diet to increase salivation

Answer 76

b. secondary peristalsis

Question 77

Which of the following statements about malassimilation and malabsorption is correct? A. xylose absorption test is a measure of absorptive surface area of the small intestinal mucosa B. Malabsorption induced by E. Coli is caused by villus blunting in the small intestine C. Parvovirus in dogs causes malabsorption by direct damage to surface epithelial cells D. salmonella-induced damage to the colonic mucosa causes protein malabsorption E. Monosaccharide absorption tests cannot be used to detect malabsorption in the large colon

Answer 77

E. Monosaccharide absorption tests cannot be used to detect malabsorption in the large colon

Question 78

Which of the following statements about malassimilation and malabsorption is correct? a. malabsorption induced by E. coli is caused by villus blunting in the small intestine b. nursing animals have lactase in the small intestine that decrease in activity with age, and lactose intolerance develops c. Parvovirus in dogs causes malabsorption by direct damage to surface epithelial cells d. salmonella-induced damage to the colonic mucosa causes amino acid malabsorption e. monosaccharide absorption tests can be used to detect malabsorption in the large colon

Answer 78

b. nursing animals have lactase in the small intestine that decrease in activity with age, and lactose intolerance develops

Question 79

The following is a list of statements about pancreatic enzyme activities. Identify one that is incorrect. a. pancreatic amylase is responsible for digestion of starch b. secretion of proteolytic enzymes as zymogens protects the pancreas from enzymatic injury c. trypsinogen is effective as a proteolytic agent at neutral pH d. pancreatic lipase is responsible for digestion of fat e. trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

Answer 79

c. trypsinogen is effective as a proteolytic agent at neutral pH

Question 80

Which is true about small intestine diarrhea induced by E. Coli? a. The excess secretion is caused by stimulation of cyclic AMP in the crypt cells b. this secretion is caused by epithelial damage from the enterotoxin c. fluid loss can be treated by a high fat diet that stimulates water absorption d. fluid loss is exacerbated by villous blunting caused by the enterotoxin e. main ion secreted by the crypt cells is the hydrogen ion

Answer 80

a. The excess secretion is caused by stimulation of cyclic AMP in the crypt cells

Question 81

Which one of the following is required to support normal colon function in a herbivore? a. high rate of acid production b. anaerobic environment c. rapid rate of passage of colon contents d. undigested carbohydrates from the small intestine

Answer 81

b. anaerobic environment

Question 82

Which one of the following statements about digestion and absorption of nutrients by the intestine is correct? a. animals with steatorrhea can be managed by feeding them short chain fatty acids b. animals with malabsorption usually present with diarrhea but not weight loss c. net iron absorption is decreased when plasma iron and iron stores are low d. calcium leaves the cell towards blood in the unbound state

Answer 82

a. animals with steatorrhea can be managed by feeding them short chain fatty acids

Question 83

Which of the following statements about ion and water absorption by intestine is true? a. most passive movement of irons occurs by transports on the basal membrane b. solvent drag moves small water-soluble substrates through the brush border c. net water movement is an active process independent of osmotic pressure gradients d. intercellular spaces expand during water and ion absorption

Answer 83

d. intercellular spaces expand during water and ion absorption

Question 84

Which of the following is correct about the esophagus in domesticated animals? a. the muscle wall is striated throughout its length in the horse and cat b. regurgitation in cattle is similar to vomition in other animals c. atropine is the drug of choice to relax the striated muscle d. primary peristalsis is induced by swallowing a bolus of food

Answer 84

d. primary peristalsis is induced by swallowing a bolus of food

Question 85

Cells that line the tips of villi are mature cells that differentiated and migrated from the crypts and developed important digestive/absorptive functions during this process. Which one of the following DOES NOT apply to this process? a. When villi are stunted by disease, the cells on the tips are too immature to function normally and malabsorption/maldigestion follows. b. This process of cell renewal from the crypts is important for replacement of lost cells and takes 2 to 4 days to complete. c. During the process of cell maturation, some cells develop the capacity to digest nutrients and others develop the capacity to absorb. d. When an individual cell reaches the end of its lifespan, it is exfoliated into the intestinal lumen. e. The defect caused by loss of individual cells is rapidly sealed by adjacent cells and the lost cells are replaced by new cells from the crypts.

Answer 85

C parvum causes blunting probably c or e

Question 86

Salivation is an important process in ruminant forestomach digestion. Among other roles, saliva aids in: a. Adding carbohydrates, acidification of rumen content, pregastric hydrolysis of proteins b. Moistening and lubrication of foodstuff, alkalization of rumen content, adding water c. Providing microbes with oxygen, adding proteins, regulation of rumen motility d. Regulation of rumen temperature, foaming of rumen content, moistening the muzzle

Answer 86

b. Moistening and lubrication of foodstuff, alkalization of rumen content, adding water

Question 87

Which of the following statements is true with regard to small intestinal motility? a. Slow waves comprise the basic underlying electrical activity of the small intestine. b. Small intestinal contractions occur in conjunction with every slow wave. c. In the small intestine, firing of action potentials is not coordinated with slow wave activity. d. Contraction of the circular muscle shortens the length and expands the radius of the affected segment. e. The longitudinal muscle layer is innervated and activated by inhibitory motor neurons.

Answer 87

a. Slow waves comprise the basic underlying electrical activity of the small intestine.

Question 88

Which statement is true regarding gastrointestinal immunology? Peyer's patches are responsible for: a. secretion of mucus in response to antigen b. immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen c. site of nutrient absorption d. regulation of intestinal motility e. crypt cell proliferation

Answer 88

b. immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen

Question 89

Why do ruminants ruminate? a. to activate defecation b. involuntary behavior to reduce distress c. to prepare food for microbial fermentation d. to aid amino acid absorption in the small intestine

Answer 89

c. to prepare food for microbial fermentation