1. Pneumonia Flashcards by Giorgia Tanner

Define pneumonia

Inflammatory consolidation of the lung parenchyma caused by the formation of intra-alveolar exudate from infection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the risk factors for pneumonia?

>65
Smoke
Malnourished
Immunocompromised
Recurrent RTIs
Medications
Winter
Virulence of organisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What pathogens can cause pneumonia in the immunocompromised?

PCP
CMV
Mycobacteria
Toxoplasma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which bacteria can cause pneumonia?

Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staph aureus
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Legionella pneumophilia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What viruses cause pneumonia?

Influenza pneumoniae
Respiratory synctial virus
COVID-19

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What fungus can cause pneumonia?

PCP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give the aetiology of pneumonia

Organisms get into alveoli
immune cells infiltrate and release CKs
Cause vasodilation and vascular permeability
Alveoli are filled with fluid: congestion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes SOB in pneumonia?

Reduced oxygen flow due to congestion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes a cough in pneumonia?

Bronchoconstriction and increased mucous secretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes pleuritic chest pain in pneumonia?

Pain receptors on alveoli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes pyrexia in pneumonia?

CK release

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is lobar pneumonia?

Affects a section or lobe

Starts at bottom of lung and spreads up

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the symptoms of lobar pneumonia?

SOB
Cough
Chest pain
Pyrexia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the signs of lobar pneumonia?

Decreased chest expansion
Dull on percussion
Bronchial breathing
Crackles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give the stages of lobar pneumonia

Congestion
Red hepatisation
Grey hepatisation
Resolution/scarring

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does the lung appear during congestion?

Heavy and red due to vascular engorgement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes red hepatisation?

exudate with RBCs, neutrophils and fibrin in intra-alveolar spaces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does red hepatisation appear?

Lobes are red, firm, airless like a liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes grey hepatisation?

Study These Flashcards

RBCs disintegrate and exudate remains

What is the difference between resolution and scarring?

Study These Flashcards

Resolution: infection is cleared and enzymes digest exudate
Scarring: infiltration of fibroblasts and collagen deposition

What kind of population is lobar pneumonia associated with?

Study These Flashcards

Neglect, alcoholics

Which pathogen most commonly causes lobar pneumonia?

Study These Flashcards

Strep pneumoniae

How does bronchopneumonia appear on radiography?

Study These Flashcards

Patchy

What are the symptoms of bronchopneumonia?

Study These Flashcards

productive cough
Pyrexia
chest pain
dyspnoea
crackles

What population is associated with bronchopneumonia?

Extremes of age

What is a possible complication of bronchopneumonia?

Microabscess formation

What is atypical pneumonia also known as?

Interstitial pneumonia- no consolidation of alveoli

How does atypical pneumonia appear on a CXR?

Reticulonodular pattern ie. fluffy

How does the immune response to atypical pneumonia differ?

Causes lymphocyte infiltration rather than neutrophils | symptoms are milder and more insidious

What are the symptoms of atypical pneumonia?

Dry cough Low grade pyrexia Sore throat, myalgia, fatigue, diarrhoea

What are the signs of atypical pneumonia?

Rales WCC is normal or only slightly elevated Responsible pathogen has no gram stain or is a virus

What pathogens cause atypical pneumonia?

``` Mycoplasma Chlamydia Legionella Mycobacteria COVID-19 ```

What are the risk factors for aspiration pneumonia?

``` Impaired cough Unconscious Pyloric stenosis Oesophageal obstruction Hiatus hernia ```

What kind of pneumonia is associated with aspiration?

Widespread bronchopneumonia | Can cause chemical pneumonitis with widespread inflammation and damage

What investigations should be done into pneumonia?

CXR Blood tests Blood, sputum, BAL for culture

What blood tests should be done if pneumonia is suspected?

``` FBC (high WCC) U&E (atypical pneumonia) LFTs Glucose CRP (used to monitor progressin) ```

What prognostic tools are used in pneumonia?

CURB-65 | Pneumonia severity index

What complications can arise from pneumonia?

``` Parapneumonic effusion/empyema Abscess Delirium and sepsis ARDS Respiratory failure Organisms spread to other sites ```

What is an empyema?

Collection of pus within the pleural cavity resulting from a parapneumonic effusion

How should an empyema be investigated?

CXR | Aspirate pleural fluid (cytology and micro)

What is the treatment for an empyema?

Antibiotics Chest drain Surgical decortication if complex

What is a lung abscess also known as?

Necrotising pneumonia

What is a lung abscess?

Localised area of suppurative necrosis within parenchyma Cavity formation Caused by anaerobic bacteria

What are the causes of a lung abscess?

Aspiration Complication of bacterial pneumonia Bronchial obstruction Septic embolus

What are the symptoms of a lung abscess?

Cough with lots of smelly sputum Spiking fevers and malaise Clubbing, weight loss, anaemia Secondary amyloidosis

1. Pneumonia Flashcards

(45 cards)