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CPR Exam 1 > 1: Respiratory Histology > Flashcards

1: Respiratory Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Conducting vs respiratory portions of the respiratory system (specific organs)

A

Conducting: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Respiratory: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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2
Q

Respiratory epithelium ***

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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3
Q

Five cell types in the respiratory epithelium

A
  1. Ciliated columnar cells (70%)
  2. Goblet cells (15%)
  3. Brush cells
  4. Small granule cells
  5. Basal cells
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4
Q

Brush cells

A

Chemosensory cells with short microvilli -> connect to sensory nerve fibers

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5
Q

Small granule cells

A

Have secretory granules for endocrine functions (part of the DNES)

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6
Q

Basal cells

A

Non-ciliated stem cells on basement membrane of respiratory ep

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7
Q

Larynx is between which two structures?

A

Pharynx and trachea

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8
Q

Three parts of the larynx made of hyaline cartilage

A

Thyroid, cricoid, inferior aretenoid cartilages

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9
Q

Four parts of the larynx made of elastic cartilage

A

Epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, superior arytenoid cartilages

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10
Q

Core of epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage

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11
Q

Vestibular vs vocal folds

A

Vestibular: immovable pair of folds, superior
Vocal: movable for phonation and sound; inferior

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12
Q

Vocal ligament

A

Dense CT bundle that supports free edge of each vocal fold

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13
Q

Trachealis M

A

SM bundle that spans the open ends of cartilage rings posteriorly in the trachea

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14
Q

Where primary bronchi enter

A

Lungs at the hilum, along with vessels and lymphatics

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15
Q

Bronchi pathway

A

Primary bronchi -> secondary (lobar) -> tertiary (segmental) bronchi -> bronchioles

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16
Q

Cartilage rings in bronchi as it moves downward

A

Primary bronchi have complete cartilage rings -> gradually replaced by plates of hyaline cartilage as lumen size decreases

17
Q

How many terminal bronchioles are formed from one tertiary bronchi

A

5-7

18
Q

Where are club cells found?

A

Terminal bronchioles

19
Q

Club cells

A

Non-ciliated, dome shaped apical ends contain secretory granules

20
Q

Three exocrine functions of the terminal bronchioles

A
  1. Secrete surfactant and mucins onto epithelium
  2. Detox inhaled xenobiotics by enzymes of SER
  3. Secrete antimicrobial peptides and cytokines for local immune response
21
Q

First part of respiratory region of airways

A

Respiratory bronchioles

22
Q

Where are alveoli found?

A

Off respiratory bronchioles and respiratory ducts

23
Q

Path from respiratory bronchioles -> alveoli

A

Respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli

24
Q

What completely lines the alveolar ducts?

A

Openings of alveoli

25
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

Large clusters of 2+ alveoli forming the distal ends of alveolar ducts

26
Q

Alveolar pores

A

Small openings that permit movement of air between alveoli

27
Q

Interalveolar septa composition

A

Reticular fibers, elastic fibers, scattered fibroblasts, sparce ECM, richest capillary networks in the body

28
Q

Elastic fibers in interalveolar septa

A

Expand with inspiration, contract with expiration

29
Q

Reticular fibers in interalveolar septum

A

Prevent collapse and excess distention of alveoli

30
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx due to viral infection or allergies

31
Q

Mechanism of laryngitis

A

Edema of lamina propria -> changes shape of vocal folds -> hoarseness/loss of voice

32
Q

Croup

A

Viral laryngitis in young children with seal-like cough

33
Q

Asthma mechanisms

A
  1. Bronchiole inflammation + SM contstriction -> bronchospasms
  2. Infiltration of bronchiole walls by eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells
34
Q

How are asthmatic bronchioles different than regular bronchioles

A

Thickened epithelium, increased goblet cells, thick basement membrane, hyperplastic smooth muscle cells

35
Q

Emphysema mechanism

A

Narrowing of bronchioles + destruction of alveolar walls -> chronic obstruction of airflow + significant loss of area for gas exchange + permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole

36
Q

Causes of emphysema

A

Cigs, chronic inhalation of particulate matter (coal dust, construction dust)

37
Q

Pneumonia mechanism

A
  1. Air spaces fill with exudate: WBCs, RBCs, fibrin

2. Capillaries enlarge and fill with RBCs

38
Q

Red hepatization stage in PNA

A

On gross exam, lungs appear red, firm, and heavy; due to lack of air spaces and exudate

CPR Exam 1 (25 decks)

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