1. The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
(89 cards)
The integumentary system
the external covering of the body, or the skin, including the hair and fingernails. It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury. - produces vit D - excretes salts in perspiration - regulates body temperature - sensory receptors
Skeletal system
Bones, cartilages, and joints. - supports body and provides framework for movement - protective functions
Muscular system
Movement - contracting. Skeletal muscles form muscular system
Nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Endocrine system
Endocrine glands produce chemical molecules (hormones) and release them into blood - Pineal, Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes
Cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels. - using blood as carrier
Lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils When fluid leaks into tissues form blood, lymphatic vessels return it to bloodstream. Lymph nodes help to cleanse blood and white blood cells involved in immunity
Respiratory system
nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Digestive system
oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum +accessory organs: liver, salivary glands, pancreas - role to break down food and deliver the nutrients to blood , reabsorb water - liver produces bile which breaks down fats. - the pancreas produces digestive enzymes to small intestine
Urinary system
- removes nitrogen-containing wastes in urine - kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra - maintaining water and salt (electrolyte) balance, pH, helping to regulate blood pressure
Reproductive system
-male: scrotum, testes, penis, accessory glands, duct system -female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
Interstitial fluid
fluid between cells
PET - Positron emission tomography
injection of short lived radioisotopes in order to view metabolic processes. As radioisotopes are absorbed by most active cells, high-energy gamma rays are produced. This produces a picture of biochemical activity in colours -Alzheimer’s diagnose
CT - computed tomography
more detailed x-ray of each slice of the body. Aids in constructing 3D images of organs using DSR (dynamic spacial reconstruction) which can show movement. (brain, abdomen, heart)
MRI - magnetic resonance imaging
Uses magnetic fields, hydrogen spins and their energy is enhanced by radio waves. When radio waves are turned off, energy is released and translated into an image. No metals allowed. Dense structures do not show up (bones) - Multiple sclerosis
fMRI - functional magnetic resonance imaging
allows to track blood flow into brain in real time
Superior
towards the head end or upper part of body structure (above)
Inferior
away from the end of head or towards lower part of the body (below)
Anterior
towards or at the front of the body (chest) (in front of)
Posterior
towards or at the backside of body (behind)
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body (on inner side)
Lateral
away from the midline of the body (on the outer side)
Intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
Close to the origin of body part or point of attachment of limb to body (elbow is proximal to the wrist)
