10. Blood Flashcards

Question

Aplastic anaemia

Answer 1

decrease in red blood cells due to destruction of bone marrow by cancer/radiation/medication

Answer 2

Inadequate haemoglobin content in RBCs due to low amount of iron which is needed in built of haemoglobins

Answer 3

white blood cells. Defend body against microorganisms and tumour cells. They can move in and out of the bloodstream by diapedesis.

Answer 4

cells or material that can slip in and out of the blood vessels

Answer 5

WBCs locate area of tissue damage by responding to chemicals diffusing from damaged cells, then they move through the tissue spaces by amoeboid motion. They follow diffusion gradient they find tissue damage and start destroying microorganisms and dispose of dead cells

Answer 6

WBCs use this. cells form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that help them move along

Answer 7

double the normal amount of WBCs. Generally indicates bacterial/viral infection. As leukocytes start defending the body, the body start producing more of them

Answer 8

abnormally low WBCs caused by some drugs (corticosteroids and anticancer agents)

Answer 9

excessive production of abnormal WBCs done in infectious mononucleosis. Bone marrow becomes cancerous and huge number of WBCs are expelled rapidly which are immature and incapable of doing their job. Body becomes easy prey with no protection. Because they fill the blood, this leaves little space for rest of blood cells (RBCs) causing anaemia and bleeding problems

Answer 10

Granulocytes Agranulocytes depending if they have visible granules in their cytoplasm

Answer 11

WBCs with granules in their cytoplasm which stain with Wright's stain 3 types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Answer 12

most common WBCs, phagocytes at acute infection. Particularly partial to bacteria and fungi which they kill with a respiratory burst

Answer 13

WBCs flood the phagocytised invader with a brew of oxidising substances (bleach, hydrogen peroxide, +)

Answer 14

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

Answer 15

WBCs which increase in numbers during infections by parasitic worms (tapeworms) via digestion or broken skin. Attack by releasing enzymes form their cytoplasmic granules onto parasite, digesting it

Answer 16

rare WBCs, with large granules containing histamine

Answer 17

inflammatory chemical that causes blood vessels to be leaky and attract other WBCs to the infection site

Answer 18

WBCs which lack visible cytoplasmic granules | types: lymphocytes, monocytes

Answer 19

take up residence in lymphatic tissues (tonsils) and play a role in immune response. Second most common WBC.

Answer 20

Largest of WBCs, when they migrate into tissues they change into macrophages which start eating aiding fighting chronic infections and in activating lyphocytes

Answer 21

type of white blood cell, of the immune system, that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the type of proteins specific to healthy body

Answer 22

``` Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils ```

Answer 23

fragments of cells with multiple nuclei called megakaryocytes. They pinch off anucleate platelet pieces Used for blood clotting

Answer 24

blood cell formation in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue). They are released into blood flow. All arise from stem cell hemocytoblast

Answer 25

stem cell in red bone marrow. Produces 2 descendants: lymphoid stem cell and myeloid stem cell

Answer 26

produces lymphocytes

Answer 27

produces other cell formations for blood except for lymphocytes

Answer 28

Hemocytoblasts start dividing and synthesising lots of haemoglobin. When enough is made, nucleolus and other organelles are ejected and cells collapse inwards creating the doughnut Erythrocyte cell. during first few days of cell's life it still has some endoplasmic reticulum and is called Reticulocyte.

Answer 29

when erythrocyte cell is created it still has some endoplasmic reticulum for few days before it becomes fully ejected

Answer 30

hormone controlling rate of erythrocyte production. small amounts circulate in the blood. Produced by Kidneys and some by liver. Production increases when the amount of oxygen drops in the blood

Answer 31

hormones activating production of white blood cells by prompting red bone marrow to produce more and enhancing abilities of old leukocytes

Answer 32

hormone accelerates production of platelets from megakaryocytes

Answer 33

``` stopping the bleeding Phases: -Vascular spasms - Platelet plug formation - Coagulation - Blood clotting ```

Answer 34

vasoconstriction as response to tear in blood vessel wall

Answer 35

platelets start clinging to collagen fibres sticking out of torn wall. They then release chemicals enhancing vascular spasms and enhancing more platelets

Answer 36

Tissue releases TISSUE FACTOR which interacts with PLATELET FACTOR 3 (PF3, on platelet surface) and CALCIUM IONS and others forming an activator leading to formation of THROMBIN (enzyme) which joins FIBINOGEN proteins AND FORMS long molecules FIBRIN. Fibrin forms mesh that traps RBCs and forms basis of clot. After an hour clot retracts. squeezing SERUM (plasma minus proteins) from the mass and pulling edges together

Answer 37

blood clot that develops and persists on unbroken blood vessel. Might be large enough to prevent blood flor

Answer 38

Blood clot blockage (thrombus) in the blood vessels serving lungs with possible outcome as death of lung tissue

Answer 39

inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissue resulting in tissue death

Answer 40

Thrombus blood clot that broke away and is freely floating until it lodges in a small vessel blocking the flow

Answer 41

Embolus (floating thrombus blood clot) which floated to brain and blocked a blood vessel causing stroke and brain tissue death

Answer 42

``` Severe burns Physical blows Accumulation of fatty material Slow blood flow Blood pooling in immobilised patients ```

Answer 43

anti-clotting medicines: aspirin, heparin, warfarin

Answer 44

platelet deficiency, causing abnormal bleeding. might result from impaired liver or genetic condition, bone marrow cancer, radiation, drugs

Answer 45

small purplish blotches on skin (resembling rash) caused by bleeding disorder thrombocytopenia - reflects small bleeds in body as result of normal movements

Answer 46

several hereditary bleeding disorders

Answer 47

15-30% loss causes paleness and weakness | over 30% loss causes severe shock which can be fatal

Answer 48

substance body recognises as foreign and stimulates immune system to fight it

Answer 49

present in plasma, attach to RBCs with surface antigens different to those on own RBCs

Answer 50

binding of antibodies in blood causes foreign RBCs to clump and clog small blood vessels. The foreign RBCs and then ruptured. Released Haemoglobin could block kidney tubules causing kidney failure (treatment by diuretics)

Answer 51

Rh antigens in blood cells (-) or (+) for purposes of blood transfusion

Answer 52

When mother goes through second pregnancy where baby has a different Rh blood antigen. Her antibodies will destroy baby's RBCs - anaemic, hypoxic, cyanotic. Can lead to brain damage and even death (treatment: foetal transfusions)

Answer 53

term used to describe a yellowish tinge to the skin and the whites of the eye. Body fluids may also be yellow. The colour of the skin and whites of the eyes will vary depending on levels of bilirubin. Bilirubin is a waste material found in the blood.

Answer 54

produced by stomach mucosa, required to absorb vit B12. Lack of it can lead to Pernicious anaemia.

10. Blood Flashcards

(78 cards)