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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology > 11. The cardiovascular system > Flashcards

11. The cardiovascular system Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Mediastinum

A

location of heart in a medial section of thoracic cavity, between the lungs

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

-sac enclosing the heart -made of 3 layers: 1 outer fibrous layer and 2 inner serous pericardium membranes

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3
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

loosely fitting outer part of the heart sac, a fibrous layer -protects heart and anchors it to surrounding structures (diaphragm and sternum)

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4
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

lines interior of fibrous pericardium, at top of heart it’s attached to large arteries leaving the heart and then continues down inferiorly over the heart surface

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5
Q

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

A

part of the heart wall, lubricating serous fluid is produced by the serous membranes and collects in-between them in the pericardial cavity

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6
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

cavity between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium surrounding the heart, filled with lubricant produced by these membranes. The fluid allows heart to beat easily without friction

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7
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium. Results in decrease in amount of serous fluid causing pericardial membranes to rub, bind, and stick forming painful adhesions that interfere with heart movement

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8
Q

The heart wall layers:

A
  • the outer epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
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9
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer of heart wall, consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted into ringlike arrangements. Layer that contracts. Myocardial cells are linked by intercalated disks which contain desmosomes and gap junctions. Is reinforced internally by network of dense fibrous connective tissue.

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10
Q

Gap junctions

A

specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.

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11
Q

Endocardium

A

thin sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers

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12
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

circulation of blood from veins into the heart to be pumped into lungs and bind with oxygen and return to heart

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13
Q

Systemic circulation

A

circulation when heart received oxygen rich blood from lungs and pumps it out to the body where the oxygen is used and CO2 is expelled and then returned to heart as oxygen-poor blood

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14
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

between atria and ventricles. prevent backflow of blood when ventricles contract.

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15
Q

The left AV valve

A

the bicuspid valve = mitral valve. - 2 flaps or cusps of endocardium

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16
Q

The right AV valve

A

Tricuspid valve - 3 cusps of endocardium

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17
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

tiny white chords, anchor cusps to walls of ventricles. As the ventricle contracts, the pressure inside forces AV cusps upward, closing the valves, while the chords ensure the cusps do not flip into atria

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18
Q

Semilunar valves

A

guard bases of two large arteries leaving ventricular chambers: Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic Semilunar valve Each has 3 cusps - they are forced open when the ventricles are contracting, and close the ventricles relax and the blood start to flow backwards

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19
Q

Incompetent valve

A

valve deformation, forces heart to pump and repump same blood because it does not close properly

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20
Q

Valvular stenosis

A

valve cusps become stiff due to repeated bacterial infection of endocardium, heart must contract much more vigorously to create enough pressure to drive blood through narrowed valve. Ultimately heart weakens, and could fail. Treatment: valve would be replaced with synthetic valve or chemically treated valve from a pig heart

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21
Q

Myocardium blood supply

A

is supplied by arteries when the heart is at rest

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22
Q

Angina pectoris

A

When heart is beating fast and rest times are slow, the blood supply to myocardium is low. It is a warning, and if ignored, the heart cells could die due to lack of fresh oxygen

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23
Q

Infarct

A

area of dead cells in heart

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24
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

area of heart cells die due to low oxygen supply during short heart rest times =heart attack or coronary

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25
Intrinsic conduction system Nodal system
system which acts to regulate the heart activity. Composed of tissue mix of muscle and nerves. System causes heart muscle depolarisation form atria to ventricles
26
Sinoatrial (SA) node
=pacemaker tiny cell mass that starts each beat
27
Heart block
when AV atrioventricular node is damaged, the ventricles start beating at their own pace (slower) Treatment: artificial pacemakers
28
Ischemia
lack of adequate supply of blood to heart muscle, may lead to fibrillation
29
fibrillation
rapid uncoordinated quivering of the ventricles. Heart is unable to pump any blood and can be major cause of death Treatment: automatic defibrillators
30
Tachycardia
rapid heart rate (over 100bpm) Prolonged, could lead to fibrillation
31
Bradycardia
slow heart rate (less than 60bpm)
32
Systole
contraction of ventricles
33
Diastole
relaxation of ventricles (contraction of atrium)
34
Cardiac cycle (5)
cycle of one heartbeat 0.8 second 1. atrial diastole (ventricular filling) 2. Atrial systole 3. Isovolumetric contraction 4. Ventricular systole (ejection phase) 5. Isovolumetric relaxation
35
Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)
heart fills with blood from atria to ventricles
36
Isovolumetric contraction
Atrial systole ends and ventricular systole begins. The pressure closes AV valves. The ventricles are closed
37
Ventricular systole (ejection phase)
pressure in ventricles causes the semilunar valves to open and blood to be ejected into arteries. Atria are starting to fill with blood
38
Isovolumetric relaxation
Semilunar valves close to prevent backflow form arteries. ventricles are closed
39
Heart murmurs
When blood flows through heart is shouldn't be heard. If flow becomes turbulent it generates sound and can be heard
40
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
recording of heart electric impulses
41
P wave
when SA node is fired
42
QRS complex
depolarisation of ventricles (before ventricles contract)
43
T wave
during flow from ventricles, polarisation
44
Cardiac output (CO)
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute Heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)
45
stroke volume (SV)
volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle each heartbeat
46
Neural (ANS) controls
during physical or emotional stress, nerves stimulate SA and AV nodes more, heart beats more rapidly
47
Hormones and ions controls on heart beat
Epinephrine and thyroxine, Ca+, Na+, K+
48
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
when pumping efficiency is reduced so circulation is inadequate. A progressive condition that's caused by Coronary atherosclerosis, hypertensive heart disease, or multiple myocardial infarctions Treatment: drug Digitalis
49
Coronary atherosclerosis
clogging of coronary vessels with fatty build-up
50
Pulmonary congestion
if left side of heart fails, the right side continues to pump blood to lungs but left is not pumping this blood towards the body. The backed up blood in lungs makes them swollen and fluid leaks into lungs causing pulmonary oedema
51
Peripheral congestion
If right side of heart fails, blood backs up in the body system. Feet, ankles, fingers become swollen and puffy
52
Vascular system (5)
Arteries Arterioles Capillary beds drained by Venules Veins
53
Tunics
3 layers of blood vessels (except capillaries)
54
Tunica intima
lines the interior of vessels, thin layer of endothelium, forms a slick surface to decrease friction
55
Tunica media
bulky middle layer of vessel, made of smooth muscle of elastic fibres
56
Tunica externa
outermost layer of vessel, composed of fibrous connective tissue
57
Differences in arteries and veins
Arteries are much thicker due to need for expanding and contracting. Larger veins have valves that prevent backflow of blood (due to such low blood pressure)
58
Vascular shunt
vessel that directly connects arteriole and venule
59
Precapillary sphincter
cuff of smooth muscle fibres surrounding root of each true capillary and acts as a value to regulate blood floe through that tissue
60
Varicose veins
in people who stand a lot, obese, pregnant. the venous return fails, overflowed valves give way and veins become twisted
61
Thrombophlebitis
inflammation of vein result when clot forms in vessel with poor circulation. Consequence: clot detachment and pulmonary embolism
62
Epinephrine
drug - increases heart rate and blood pressure
63
Orthostatic hypotension
In elderly, temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when person rises too sudden;y
64
Circulatory shock
condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally, pre-leading to it: acute hypotension. Common cause: blood loss
65
Atherosclerosis
disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries.
66
balloon angioplasty
catheter with a balloon inserted to clear out blockage in vessels, by compressing fatty mass against the vessel wall by inflating the balloon
67
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
clot-dissolving agent
68
Direct diffusion through membrane
substances diffuse directly through their plasma membranes if the substances are lipid-soluble (O2 and CO2)
69
Diffusion through intercellular clefts
clefts - gaps between the cells in capillary wall
70
Diffusion through pores
free passage of small solutes and liquids by fenestrated capillaries. The pores are covered by delicate membrane
71
Fenestrated capillaries
found where absorption is priority (intestines) or where filtration occurs (kidneys)
72
Transport via vesicles
some lipid-insoluble substances can enter or leave the blood stream or pass through plasma membranes
73
1. Superior vena cava 2. Pulmonary tunk 3. Diaphragm
74
4. Aorta 5. Parietal pleura (cut) 6. Left lung 7. Pericardium (cut) 8. Apex of heart
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1. Fibrous pericardium 2. Parietal layer of serous pericardium 3. Pericardial cavity 4. Visceral layer of serous pericardium 5. Epicardium 6. Myocardium 7. Endocardium 8. Heart chamber 9. Heart wall 10. Pericardium
76
1. Superior Vena cave 2. Right pulmonary artery 3. Right atrium 4. Right pulmonary veins 5. Fossa ovalis 6. Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) 7. Right ventricle 8. Chordae tendineae 9. Inferior vena cava
77
10 Aorta 11 Left pulmonary artery 12 Left atrium 13 Left pulmonary veins 14 Pulmonary semilunar valve 15 Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve) 16 Aortic semilunar valve 17 Left ventricle 18 Interventricular septum 19 Myocardium 20 Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
78
1 Brachiocephalic trunk 2 Superior vena cava 3 Right pulmonary artery 4 Ascending aorta 5 Pulmonary trunk 6 Right pulmonary veins 7 Right atrium 8 Right coronary artery in coronary sulcus 9 Anterior cardiac vein 10 Right ventricle 11 Marginal artery 12 Small cardiac vein 13 Inferior vena cava
79
14 Left common carotid artery 15 Left subclavian artery 16 Aortic arch 17 Ligamentum arteriosum 18 Left pulmonary artery 19 Left pulmonary veins 20 Left atrium 21 Circumflex artery 22 Left coronary artery in coronary sulcus 23 Left ventricle 24 Great cardiac vein 25 Anterior interventricular artery 26 Apex
80
1 Superior vena cava 2 Sinoatrial node 3 Atrioventricular node 4 Right atrium 5 Bundle branches 6 Purkinje fibres
81
7 Left atrium 8 Atrioventricular bundle 9 Purkinje fibres 10 Interventricular septum
82
1 Frontal lobe 2 Optic chiasma 3 Middle cerebral Artery 4 Internal carotid artery 5 Mammillary body 6 Temporal lobe 7 Pons 8 Occipital lobe
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9 Anterior communicating artery 10 Anterior cerebral artery 11 Posterior communicating artery 12 Posterior cerebral artery 13 Basilar artery 14 Vertebral artery 15 Cerebellum
84
1 Liver 2 Hepatic portal vein 3 Pancreas 4 Small intestine
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5 Inferior vena cava 6 Gastric veins 7 Spleen 8 Stomach 9 Splenic vein 10 Inferior mesentric vein 11 Superior mesenteric vein 12 Large intestine
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1 Superficial temporal artery 2 Facial artery 3 Common carotid artery 4 Brachial artery 5 Radial artery 6 Femoral artery 7 Popliteal artery 8 Posterior tibial artery 9 Dorsalis pedis artery 10
87
1 Superior vena cava 2 Pulmonary trunk 3 Foramen ovale 4 Inferior vena cava 5 Hepatic Vein 6 Ductus venosus 7 Hepatic portal vein 21 Ductus arteriosus 20 Pulmonary artery 19 Pulmonary veins 18 Inferior vena cava
88
7 Hepatic portal vein 8 Umbilical vein 9 Fetal umbilicus 10 Umbilical cord 11 Umbilical arteries 12 Placenta 13 Urinary bladder 14 Internal lilac artery 15 External lilac artery 16 Common lilac artery 17 Aorta 18 Inferior vena cava
89
1 Internal carotic artery 2 External carotid artery 3 Common carotid artery 4 Vertebral artery 5 Subclavian artery 6 Brachiocephalic trunk 7 Aortic arch 8 Ascending aorta 9 Coronary artery 18 Subclavian artery 19 Axillary artery
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10 Thoracic aorta 11 Celiac trunk 12 Abdominal aorta 13 Superior mesenteric artery 14 Renal artery 15 Gonadal artery 20 Brachial artery 21 Radial artery 22 Ulnar artery 23 Deep palmar arch 24 Superficial palmar arch 25 Digital arteries
91
16 Inferior mesenteric artery 17 Internal iliac artery 26 Common iliac artery 27 External iliac artery 28 Femoral iliac artery 29 Popliteal artery 30 Anterior tibial artery 31 Posterior tibial artery 32 Dorsalis pedis artery 33 Arcuate artery
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1 Dural venous vein 2 External jugular vein 3 Vertebral vein 4 Internal jugular vein 5 Right and left brachiocephalic veins 6 Superior vena cava 7 Great cardiac vein 17 Subclavial vein 18 Axillary vein 19 Cephalic vein 20 Brachial vein 21 Basilic vein
93
8 Hepatic veins 9 Splenic vein 10 Hepatic portal vein 11 Renal vein 12 Superior mesenteric vein 13 Inferior mesenteric vein 22Median cubital vein 23 Ulnar vein 24 Radial vein 25 Digital veins
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14 Inferior vena cava 15 Common lilac vein 16 Internal lilac vein 26 External lilac vein 27 Femoral vein 28 Great saphenous vein 29 Popliteal vein 30 Posterior tibial vein 31 Anterior tibial vein 32 Small saphenous vein 33 Dorsal venous arch 34 Dorsal metatarsal veins

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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