1. The Lesioned Brain Flashcards
(50 cards)
TMS uses electromagnetic induction to:
disrupt brain activity via neural noise. If the neurons are needed for a cognitive function, it will be disrupted
What can TMS tell us
if certain neural regions and needed for a specific task
Being able to control the location affected, being transient/reversible, and providing a causal link between brain regions and behaviour are advantages of which brain technique
TMS
brain activity in a control task is subtracted from activity in an experimental task
Cognitive subtraction
How do you generate an ERP
measure populations of neurons producing electric field at scalp (EEG). Average these and link to stimulus onset to get ERP.
What does cognitive subtraction show?
a brain region that is active in a certain condition relative to another
A form of TES, tDCS can increase or decrease firing of neurons. Anodal stimulation has __ (excitatory/inhibitory) effects by inhibiting __ (GABA/Glutamate)
- excitatory
- GABA
In tDCS, cathodal stimulation leads to __ (excitation/inhibition), by inhibiting (GABA/Glutamate)?
- inhibition
- Glutamate
TMS involves disrupting neuronal firing leading to task disruption. TES, on the other hand, affects neurons by:
changing neuronal excitability, modulation.
This type of TES uses low level alternating current between anode and cathode to synchronise brain rhythms/cause phase locking
tACS
Name the type of neuropsychology: what function is disrupted by damage to region X? Functional specialisation.
Classical neuropsychology
Name the type of neuropsychology: can a particular function be spared/impaired relative to others? Single case methodology.
Cognitive neuropsychology
What is an ischaemic stroke?
- blood clot
- lack of blood and O2 to brain
- cells die
What is a haemorrhagic stroke?
- bleeding into brain
- weakened blood vessels
- neurons die
Patient is impaired on task X, but spared on task Y. What is this? What about if they’re normal on task Y?
- Single dissociation
- classical single dissociation
Patient is impaired on task X and Y, but significantly more impaired on task X. This is:
- strong single dissociation
Double dissociation
Patient is impaired on X but not Y. Another patient, with different injury, is impaired on Y but not X.
What type of dissociation can rule out task-resource artifacts (patient misunderstanding task or using wrong strategy)
Double dissociation
Can be grouped by syndrome, behavioural symptoms, or lesion locations
Group studies
alpha band oscillations in ERP have been linked to which cognitive process?
Attention and filtering irrelevant information.
Gamma band oscillations in tACS have been linked to:
lucid dreaming
What type of imaging is based on the fact that different types of tissue (e.g., skull, gray matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid) have different physical properties.
Structural imaging - MRI, CT
This type of imaging measures temporary changes in brain physiology associated with cognitive processing; the most common method is fMRI and is based on a hemodynamic measure.
Functional imaging
This type of imaging measures spatial, permanent characteristics of the brain
Structural imaging - eg MRI and CT
