3. Music and the Brain Flashcards
(42 cards)
Attracting mates, social cohesion, and being a precursor for language are all functions of
Music
Function of the outer ear (pinna and ear canal)
- amplify frequencies and transport vibrations
- locate sound on the vertical plane
Converting air vibrations into liquid vibrations are functions of
The middle ear: malleus, incus and stapes bones
Converting liquid vibrations to neural signals via hair cells is the function of the:
inner ear/cochlea
Name the connections (4) from the ear to primary auditory cortex?
Auditory cortex –> superior olive –> inferior colliculus –> medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus –> A1
is in the temporal lobe, on Heschl’s gyrus, arranged tonotopically by frequency
Primary auditory cortex
The end of the basilar membrane nearest the oval window is __ (narrow + stiff, wide + flexible) and deflects most to __ (high/low) frequency sound waves
- narrow and stiff
- high frequency
The secondary auditory cortices are called what, and where are they located
The belt and parabelt regions
- planum polare and planum temporale
Central neurons in the auditory cortex respond more to __ (high/low) frequencies. Peripheral neurons respond more to __ (high/low) frequencies.
Low
High
Why is music useful for studying cognition?
It engages many cognitive processes
This side of A1 is more sensitive to spatial properties of sound
Right auditory cortex
Brain region needed for auditory perception and sound analysis of music
primary auditory cortex
brain region responsible for memory and associations of music
association cortex in parietal and parabelt regions
brain region responsible for expectancy generation in music
prefrontal cortex
- Notes that, when played together, sound right
- notes that clash when played together
- consonance
- dissonance
True or false, different cultures organise pitch differently. Eg in west, each octave (C to C) has 12 notes, with the difference between black and white keys being semitones
TRUE
What is the only universal pitch organisation
Pentatonic Scale
True or false, infants from 4-6 months don’t have preference for consonance and cannot notice if music is going up or down (contour)
FALSE
True or false, being able to distinguish rhythms begins from 3 days old
TRUE
Due to positive mood changes it brings, listening to Mozart leads to better performance on spatial ability tests eg paper cutting/folding. This is known as
The Mozart Effect
Congenital amusia results in a deficit of __ perception. they usually perform normally in __ perception
- Pitch - needs to be a larger difference for them to hear
- Rhythm
What was the ability of patient Monica in terms of her pitch perception
Could detect a pitch change of 11 semitones, only if the pitch was going up
True or false, most amusics have problems with pitch going either up or down, affecting small changes (between semitones)
TRUE
Amusics are impaired, compared to controls, on what experimental paradigm. What conclusion can be drawn from this
The tone span
- difficulty with pitch memory
