2. The Attending and Spatial Brain

Question 1

The ability to select a stimulus, focus on it, and shift the focus at will

Answer 1

Attention

Question 2

The attentional bottleneck:

Answer 2

we know visual field is rich but choose to focus on most important parts

Question 3

Type of processing when

i) attention driven by the environment
ii) attention driven by goals

Answer 3

i) bottom up

ii) top down

Question 4

Locations on the retina/sensory surfaces is known as

Answer 4

Retinocentric space

Question 5

Location of objects relative to the body

Answer 5

Egocentric space

Question 6

The location of objects relative to eachother

Answer 6

Allocentric space

Question 7

• we can move attention from one lcoation to another
• can zoom attention in or out
• attention has limited capacity
  this is known as

Answer 7

The spotlight metaphor

Question 8

Posner showed that if a cue and target are presented close together, people are faster at detecting the target. Attention/spotlight guided by a stimulus is known as

Answer 8

Exogenous control

Question 9

inhibition of return (IOR)

Answer 9

slowed processing speed when you go back to a previously attended location

Question 10

The airport scanner game (Mitroff and Biggs) demonstrates visual search, which is a form of what control?

Answer 10

Endogenous control

Question 11

What is a flat/parallel visual search

Answer 11

• searched at same time

- target is easily identifiable (distinct features) and pops out

Question 12

what is a steep/serial visual search?

Answer 12

• you sequentially compare all distractors to the item you are searching for
• target is harder to find, might have similar distractors. Linear relationship between number of items and time taken to identify target

Question 13

the where/how pathway is associated with which lobe and what is the alternative name?

Answer 13

• parietal lobe

- dorsal stream

Question 14

The what pathway is associated with which lobe and what is the alternative name?

Answer 14

• temporal lobe

- ventral stream

Question 15

due to asymmetric parietal lobes, the right lobe has a richer representation of space and we attend more to the left side of space. This is called what, and what illusion can demonstrate it?

Answer 15

• pseudoneglect

- the light to dark bar illusion AND bisection of a line

Question 16

Occurs due to the attentional bottleneck, we can fail to see a visual stimulus when attention is directed away (gorilla video)

Answer 16

Inattentional blindness

Question 17

Change detection is associated with this brain region

Answer 17

Parietal lobes

Question 18

This brain regions is active when attending to images of houses

Answer 18

The parahippocampal place area

Question 19

Inability to report a target stimulus if it occurs soon after another target stimulus

Answer 19

Attentional Blink - example of negative priming

Question 20

The dorsal stream can be split into what 2 networks and what regions does each encompass?

Answer 20

1) the dorso-dorsal network: involves left intraparietal area (LIP) and FEF
2) the ventro-dorsal network: the right temporo-parietal junction and ventral PFC

Question 21

This dorsal stream network is involved in orienting attention within a salience map

Answer 21

the dorso-dorsal network

Question 22

This dorsal stream is involved in interrupting cognitive processing to redirect attention

Answer 22

the ventro-dorsal network

Question 23

Condition: loss of attentional resources to the contralateral hemifield, resulting in failure to attend to stimuli on that side

Answer 23

Hemispatial neglect

Question 24

To which parietal lobe, and thus which visual hemifield, does damage result in more severe hemispatial neglect

Answer 24

• right parietal lobe

- left hemifield

Question 25

a model describing how perceptual features are encoded in parallel and prior to attention - either pop out without attention, or serial searches requiring attention

Answer 25

Feature integration theory (FIT)

Question 26

Applying TMS to the parietal lobe impairs __ search (serial, single feature)

Answer 26

Serial

Question 27

The negative priming effect provides evidence for __ (early, late) selection

Answer 27

Late - information processed up to level of meaning/semantics

Question 28

Patient with neglect reports seeing object on left but not right when two stimuli presented

Answer 28

Extinction

Question 29

Neglect is most associated with lesions to the...

Answer 29

right inferior parietal lobe

Question 30

True or false, patients with neglect can still see objects on the impaired side if cued there and neglect affects other modalities too

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Perceptual neglect

Answer 31

Not perceiving one side of space

Question 32

Unable to report half of a scene when imagining it

Answer 32

Representational neglect

Question 33

What is the difference between personal and peripersonal neglect

Answer 33

personal - neglecting the affected side of the body | peripersonal - neglecting external objects

Question 34

Name a potential rehabilitation method for neglect

Answer 34

The prism adaptation using prism lens glasses

Question 35

This brain region stores long term representations of space

Answer 35

hippocampus

Question 36

Test that assesses impulsivity and sustained attention. Often poor performance in ADHD children, but good performance in video game players

Answer 36

Tests of Variables of Attention (TOVA)

Question 37

Brain region thought to underlie multitasking, improved activation in Neuroracer game, stimulation of this region with anodal tDCS enhances multitasking

Answer 37

dorsolateral PFC

Question 38

Function of dorso dorsal network

Answer 38

internally cued attention

Question 39

Function of ventro dorsal network?

Answer 39

externally cued attention

Question 40

True or false: animals can get neglect?

Answer 40

True

Question 41

What is near vs far neglect?

Answer 41

Near neglect: impaired on line bisection | Far neglect: spared when using a light pointer to bisect lines

Question 42

Visual extinction suggests that:

Answer 42

perceptual representations are competing for attention and visual awareness

Question 43

Neuroracer improved which 3 abilities in old people?

Answer 43

working memory, TOVA, and multitasking

Question 44

what brain changes did the neuroracer game result in?

Answer 44

improved executive function from PFC, more coherence between brain regions