1. Thoracic, Osteology, Arthrology & Myology

Question 1

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer 1

thoracic diaphragm

Question 2

what are the two openings of the thorax

Answer 2

superior and inferior thoracic aperatures

Question 3

what does the sup thoracic aperature contain

Answer 3

trachea, esophagus, Ns & vessels that drain the head, neck & UE

Question 4

what are the boundaries for the sup. thoracic aperature

Answer 4

T1 vertebral segment, paired 1st rib to superior part of manubrium of sternum

Question 5

what does the inf thoracic aperature contain

Answer 5

esophagus, inf. vena cava, descending aorta

Question 6

what are the boundaries for the inf. thoracic aperature

Answer 6

T12 vertebral segment, 11-12 ribs, 7-10 costal cartilages & xiphisternal joint

Question 7

what are the 3 spaces of the thoracic cavity? &what do they contain

Answer 7

lateral- 2 pulmonary cavities : contain lungs and pleura

central: mediastinum: heart, thoracic great vessels, trachea, thoracic esophagus & thymus

Question 8

what bones make up the thoracic cavity

Answer 8

thoracic vertebrae

sternum

ribs

Question 9

what are features of the manubrium of the sternum?

Answer 9

= superior part of sternum

1. suprasternal notch (top border)
2. sternal angle (of louis) = jxn of manubrium & body
3. clavicular notch: contact sternal end of clavicle
4. costal notches - 1 & half of 2

Question 10

what are features of body of the sternum

Answer 10

long & narrow

1. xiphoid/sternal joint = jxn of body w/ xiphoid process
2. costal notches: half of 2, 3-6 & half of 7

Question 11

what is the xiphoid process of the sternum

Answer 11

most inf part contains costal notch for half of 7

Question 12

how do the ribs articulate with the sternum

Answer 12

NOT DIRECTLY - use costal cartilage inbtn

Question 13

which ribs are typical ribs & what does that mean

Answer 13

1-7 (aka vertebrocostal) attach directly from vertebral segment to sternum with its own costal cartilage

Question 14

which ribs are false ribs? What does that mean

Answer 14

8-10 (aka vertebrochondral) attach from vertebral segment to costal cartilage above the segment

Question 15

what are floating ribs

Answer 15

11-12 (aka vertebral) do NOT attach sternum at all

Question 16

what are parts of a typical rib?

what are its respective fxns?

Answer 16

1. head: articulate with T-vertebrae via sup & inf articular facet (both facets connected via crest of head)
2. neck: btn head and tubercle
3. tubercle: articulate with transverse process of T-vertebrae
4. costal angle: anterolateral turning point
5. costal groove: house intercostal Ns & vessels

Question 17

what are the atypical ribs?

Answer 17

1, 2, 10-12

Question 18

what are characteristics of the 1st rib

Answer 18

broad, flat & wide

• head, neck, tubercle & body
• superior surface:
• scalene tubercle (insertion of ant. scalene M)
• grooves for subclavian A & V (V = ant)

Question 19

what are characteristics of the 2nd rib

Answer 19

head, neck, tubercle & body

& also: tuberosity of serratus anterior M. (= insertion point)

Question 20

what are characterisitcs of ribs 10-12

Answer 20

10-12 = one facet on each head

11-12- no tubercle, no neck

Question 21

what are the various possibilities of rib fractures

Answer 21

complete break or pierce lung tissue

most common = middle ribs

can damage internal organs - leading to pain w/ respiration, coughing, laughing & sneezing

Question 22

what is a supernumerary rib?

Answer 22

extra rib in cervical or lumbar region

in cervical region: costotransverse bar too large and compromise vessels to UE ==> Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Question 23

what is costal cartilage

Answer 23

connect ant portion of rib to sternum

1-7 - individually connect

8-10: connect to costal cartilage one segment above before connecting to sternum

Question 24

which ligament attaches to the tubercle of a rib

Answer 24

costotransverse L.

Question 25

What are the types of synovial joints?

Answer 25

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket, & compound

Question 26

What are the types of fibrous joints?

Answer 26

sutures, schindylesis, gomphosis, syndesmosis

Question 27

What are the types of cartilagenous joints?

Answer 27

synchondrosis, symphysis

Question 28

what are synchondrosis joints

Answer 28

primary cartilaginous joint = usually temp - union of hyaline cartilage (btn diaphysis & epiphysis of growing bone) ! some can be permenant !

Question 29

what are symphysis joints

Answer 29

strong and slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage

Question 30

which joints are classified as syMphysIs joints

Answer 30

1. manubriosternal 2. intervertebral joint

Question 31

which joints are classified as synchondrosis joints

Answer 31

1. xiphisternal 2. 1st sternocostal joint 3. costochondral joints

Question 32

which joints are classified as planar synovial joints

Answer 32

1. 2nd-7th sternocostal joints 2. costovertebral joints 3. costotransverse joints 4. interchondral joints (6-9)

Question 33

what type of joint is the manubriosternal joint

Answer 33

symphysis @ sternal angle & 2nd costal notch

Question 34

what kind of joint is the xiphisternal joint

Answer 34

synchondrosis @ 7th costal notch

Question 35

what do anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal Ls do

Answer 35

attach costal cartilage & radiate out to sternum all sternocostal joints

Question 36

what type of joint is the 1st sternocostal joint

Answer 36

synchondrosis

Question 37

what kind of joint is the 2nd-7th sternocostal joints

Answer 37

planar synovial

Question 38

what kind of joint is the costovertebral joint

Answer 38

planar synovial

Question 39

how do the ribs articulate with vertebral segments

Answer 39

head of rib articulate with * superior costal facet of same numbered segment * inferior costal facet of one segment above articulating facet of costal tubercle: same number T-vertebra

Question 40

which ligments help the costovertebral joints

Answer 40

radiate L: head of rib to vertebral body intraarticular L: crest of head of rib to IV disc

Question 41

what type of joint is a costotransverse joint

Answer 41

planar synovial | (transverse process to rib)

Question 42

what two ligaments help the costotransverse joint

Answer 42

superior costotransverse L: neck of rib to transverse process one above lateral costotransverse L: tubcle of rib to transverse process and same segment

Question 43

What is the purpose of the bucket handle movement and pump handle movement?

Answer 43

increase thoracic volume --\> decreasing thoracic pressure --\> inspiration [up/out -\> increase volume down -\> decrease volume]

Question 44

What is the bucket handle movement

Answer 44

elevation of LATERAL portion of rib --\> increase transverse diameter of thorax -move up and down

Question 45

what is the pump handle movement

Answer 45

elevation of STERNAL end of rib --\> increase ant to post diameter of thorax -move ant/post and slightly up/down

Question 46

what kind of joint is the costochondral joint

Answer 46

synchondrosis

Question 47

what is the difference btn a dislocation and seperation of rib

Answer 47

dislocation = at sternocostal joint seperation = at costochondral joint

Question 48

what type of joints are the interchondral joints?

Answer 48

planar synovial : 6/7, 7/8, 8/9 fibrous joint: 9/10

Question 49

what are the T-vertebral joints & what are they classified as

Answer 49

intervertebral joint: symphysis zygapophyseal joint: planar synovial

Question 50

What is the function of the interchondral L?

Answer 50

strengthen interchondral joint

Question 51

What are the ligaments of the thoracic spine?

Answer 51

- anterior and posterior longitudinal L - ligamentum flavum - interspinous L - intertransverse L - supraspinous L

Question 52

What are all of the thoracic muscles innervated by?

Answer 52

intercostal N

Question 53

what are the 3 types of intercostal ms

Answer 53

1. external intercostal M 2. internal intercostal M 3. innermost intercostal M

Question 54

What is the origin and insertion of the external, internal and innermost intercostal Ms?

Answer 54

1. Inferior border of ribs; 2. Superior border of rib below - external: 1 -post & 2- ant - internal: 1- ant & 2- post

Question 55

what is the fxn of the external intercostal M

Answer 55

elevate ribs

Question 56

what is the fxn of the internal intercostal M & transverse thoracic M

Answer 56

depress ribs

Question 57

what do the external and internal intercostal Ms turn into

Answer 57

external --\> anterior intercostal mem & inferiorly - continous w/ external abd oblique Ms internal --\> posterior intercostal mem & inferiorly - continous with internal abd oblique Ms

Question 58

What separates the internal and innermost intercostal Ms?

Answer 58

intercostal N and vessels

Question 59

what is thoracentisis

Answer 59

insertion of hypodermic needle thru intercostal Ms to obtain fluid/drain small amount blood/fluid from pleural cavity insert BTN RIBS! bc dont want to his neurovascular bundles (proper @ inf part of rib above & collaterals @ sup part of rib below)

Question 60

Where is a chest tube inserted? Why do you insert a chest tube

Answer 60

commonly in 5th or 6th intercostal space remove _large_ amounts of air, fluid, blood or pus from pleural cavity

Question 61

What is a thoroscopy?

Answer 61

insertion of thoroscope in pleural cavity for visualizing and biopsying space inside pleural cavity

Question 62

What is the origin and insertion of the transverse thoracic m?

Answer 62

O: posterior surface of lower sternal body and xiphoid process; I: internal surface of the 2nd - 6th costal cartilages

Question 63

What is the origin and insertion of the subcostal m?

Answer 63

O: inferior border of rib I: superior border of rib M across more than 1 rib space