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CPR Exam 1 > 6. Thoracic Cardiology > Flashcards

6. Thoracic Cardiology Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

what seperates superior & inferior mediastinum

A

sternal angle (where manubrium meets with body of sternum)

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2
Q

what are the 3 parts of the inferior mediastinum

A

ant

middle

post

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3
Q

what is the flow of blood thru the heart

A

sup/inf vena cava –> R atrium –> tricuspid valve –> R ventricle –> pul valve –> pul trunk –> lungs –> Pul V –> L atrium –> bicuspid valve –> L ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta –> body

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4
Q

what occurs after the blood is pushed out of the aorta

A

oxygenated blood thru arterial system -> capillaries for gas exchange –> deoxygenated blook via venous system –> sup/inf vena cava

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5
Q

what seperates the arterial and venous ends (which are together bc of the way the heart folds)

A

transverse pericardial sinus

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6
Q

what are the layers of the heart (innermost to outermost)

A

endocardium

myocardium

visceral serous pericardium (epicardium)

pericardial cavity

parietal serous pericardium

fibrous pericardium

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7
Q

what is the endocardium made of

A

layers of epithelium that seperate blood from M

= thin internal endothelial & subendothelial layer lining the inside change of the heart & valves

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8
Q

what is the result of lack of blood flow to specific areas of the myocardium

A

myocardium infarction

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9
Q

what can lead to a MI

A

coronary arthresclerosis =

build up of lipids on internal walls of coronary As -> decrease size of lumen of vessel –> increase change of embolism or blockage

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10
Q

pt presents w/ SOB & gripping pain in chest and left arm; imaging shows narrowed coronary A. What does this pt likely have

A

angina pectoris

pain in heart usually bc narrow or obstructed coronary A resulting in ischemic myocardium

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  1. attachment point of all myocardium
  2. attachment point for vales of cuspid valves
  3. support & strengthen AV & semilunar orifices (aortic/pul valve)
  4. electrical insulation barrier btn atria & ventricles
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12
Q

where is the apex of the heart located

A

inf.lat part of L ventricle

predominantly project to L

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13
Q

where is the sternocostal surface

A

R ventricle against ribs & costal cartilage

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14
Q

where is the diphragmatic surface

A

R & L ventricles

sits on thoracic diaphragm

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15
Q

where is the pulmonary surface

A

paired - R atrium & L ventricle

cardiac impression on both lungs

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16
Q

what are the borders of the heart and where are they located

A

Right: R atrium

Left: L ventricle

Superior: R & L atria & pul trunk/aorta

Inferior: R ventricle

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17
Q

what houses the coronary sinus

A

left AV groove

btn L atrium & ventricle

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18
Q

which groove transmits the R coronary A

A

right AV groove

btn R atrium & ventricle

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19
Q

which groove transmit the anterior interventricular A and great cardiac V

A

Ant Interventricular Groove

btn R & L ventricles on ant part of heart

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20
Q

which groove transmits the post interventricular A & middle cardiac V

A

Post Interventricular Groove

btn R & L ventricles on post part of heart

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21
Q

what is the sulcus terminalis

A

external verticle groove corresponding to the internal crista terminalis

at R atrium

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22
Q

what is the embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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23
Q

pt comes into your office and he cant talk- what N may be hit & what can be the cause

A

left recurrent laryngeal N (rmr loops around aortic arch then ascends to larynx)

aneurysm of ligamentum arteriosum

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24
Q

what was the purpose of the ductus arteriosis embryologically

A

shunted bloodk from pul trunk to arch of aorta to bypass nonfxnal lungs

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25
What contributes to the smooth and rough surface of the R atrium
rough : Pectinate M smooth: Sinus Venarum (thin)
26
what seperates the smooth and rough region in the R atrium
crista terminalis
27
where do the vena cavae & coronary sinus empty
sinus venarum
28
what is the interatrial septum
wall btn 2 atria = part of the smooth wall contains fossa ovalis: remant of foramen ovalis
29
all blood from heart, out of the myocardium, is drained ---
into Vs --\> that end up in coronary sinus --\> that go to R side to get reoxygenated
30
what happens if there is an incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
atrial septral defect hole in wall btn atria small openings = insig large openings = sig bc mixing of deoxy & oxy blood
31
what is the R AV Orifice
passage from the R atrium to R ventricle variable occluded by tricuspid valve
32
How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have & what are they
3 septal ant post
33
what is the purpose of the cusps?
cusp attach respective papillary M with chordae tendineae prevent blood from flowing back from ventricle to atrium
34
what is the pulmonary valve
semilunar valve w/ R, L & Ant cusps seperate R ventricle from pul trunk contain pul sinuses
35
what is the smooth and rough wall of the R ventricle
smooth: Conus Arteriosus (lead into pul trunk) rough: Trabecula Carnae
36
what is a type of trabecula carnae & what does it do
septomarginal trabeculum : run from interventricular septum to base of ant papillary M transmit R bundle branch of AV bundle to ant papillary M -for effective contraction
37
what are subendocardial branches
N fibers that run thru the trabecula carnae
38
what is the pul sinus
space btn wall of pul trunk and cusps of pul valve (= behind cusp) = part that collapses when blood runs thru the opening of the valve
39
what is cardiac catheterization
insertion of catheter into femoral V which then is passed up to the inf vena cava to allow radiographic visualization of R atrium, R ventricle, Pul trunk & Pul As
40
which side of the heart is thicker
left have to pump thru all of body (R only to lungs)
41
what are the R and L auricles
contain Pectinate M -result of two parts pulling apart during heart formation
42
what valve can occlude the L AV orifice
bicuspid valve L atrium --\> L ventricle
43
what are the names of the bicuspid valve cusps
ant post
44
what are the smooth and rough regions of the L Ventricle
smooth: Aortic Vestibule (least into ascending aorta) rough: Trabecula Carnae (muscular region)
45
what houses the AV bundle, R & L bundle branches & subendocardial branches
interventricular septum | (contain membranous & muscular part)
46
what causes ventricular septal defects
embryologically divergent tissues that make up the interventricualr septum all defects are clincally relevant bc mixture of deoxy & oxy blood
47
what is the aortic valve
sep L ventricle from ascending aorta = semilunar valve w/ R, L & Post (noncoronary) cusps -prevent backflow & protect coronary As
48
what is the aortic sinus
space btn wall of ascending aorta & cusps (= behind cusps) -R & L aortic sinuses have openings for R & L coronary As
49
what is the pacemaker of the heart
sinuatrial nodes = where sup vena cava meets R atrium = small bundle of cardiac M that initiates and regulates impulses that propogate atrial walls
50
How does the AV node initiate contraction
waits for signal from SA node located in interatrial septum near the openings for coronary sinuses
51
what do AV bundles do
cross the electical insulated barrier provided by fibrous skeleton & distribute impulse from AV node to R & L AV bundle branches - then to subendocardial branches
52
where do subendocardial branches distribute AV nodal impulses
from R & L bundle to interventricular septum then papillary Ms then ventricular walls (purkinje fibers)
53
how does an artificial pacemaker fxn
electrode inserted thru large V to sup vena cava into R atrium inot endocardium of trabecula carnae of R ventricle -send signal straight to ventricle
54
what is irregular twitching of atrial cardiac M fibers & how does this affect circulation
atrial fibrillation circulation = satisfactory
55
what is ventricular fibrillation
rapid irregular twitching of ventricles --\> rendering heart unable to pump blood
56
why does cardiac referred pain occur
visceral sensory fibers share spinal ganglion w/ somatic sensory fibers of areas of upper limb & superiolateral chest wall
57
what is anginal pain
area innervated by L medial brachial cutaneous N, L substernal area, L pectoral area & medial aspect of L upper limb that lead to referred pain
58
what is the oblique pericaridal sinus
wide recess post to base of heart
59
what is the clinical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus
space that allows surgeons to access the area posterior to aorta & pul trunk to clamp/insert tubes of bypass machine into large vessels -get behind aorta & pul trunk but infront of inf vena cava
60
what is pericarditis
inflam of pericardium - make it rough & produce friction - observe with a stethoscope -if untreated it'll calcify
61
what is cardiac tamponade & what is it often associated with
compressed heart trying to beat against fluid associated with pericardium effusion - bc accumulate fluid/pus in pericardial sac and compress heart
62
what is pericardiocentesis
drainage of blood, fluid, or pus from pericardial sac -do this to relieve cardiac tamponade

CPR Exam 1 (27 decks)

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