10

Question 1

Why do DNA binding proteins sometimes break off?

Answer 1

Because equilibrium with non-covalent bonds is present and can go back.

Question 2

Macromolecules essential for metabolism? (4•)

Answer 2

•Carbohydrates
•Proteins
•Fats (lipids)
•Nucleic acids

Question 3

Subunits of metabolism? (4•)

Answer 3

•Sugars
•Amino acids
•Fatty acids
•Nucleotides

Question 4

Catabolism?

Answer 4

Breaking down macromolecules, capturing building blocks, and capturing energy.

Question 5

Anabolism?

Answer 5

Building up macromolecules from the building blocks in catabolism and using that energy.

Question 6

Metabolism?

Answer 6

Gathering carbon (main building block), using carbon, and harvesting energy.

Question 7

What are the main ways to extract energy in metabolism? (2•)

Answer 7

•Light/heat, •chemical

Question 8

How do you obtain carbon in metabolism? (2•)

Answer 8

•Organic or •inorganic energy.

Question 9

All organic molecules must have?

Answer 9

Carbon - hydrogen bonds.

Question 10

Nutrients? (2•)

Answer 10

•chemical (organic or inorganic) & •light.

Question 11

Major bio-elements? (6•)

Answer 11

C, N, P, S, O, H

Question 12

Minor bio-elements? (5•)

Answer 12

Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu

Question 13

Vitamins must be obtained by?

Answer 13

The environment.

Question 14

Electrons must be obtained by?

Answer 14

The environment.

Question 15

Environmental nutrients? (6•)

Answer 15

•Major bio elements
•Minor bio elements
•Vitamins
•Electrons
•Energy or components involved in energy harnessing reactions
•terminal electron acceptors

Question 16

Almost all energy is transferred and captured in molecules by?

Answer 16

Redox reactions.

Question 17

Nutrients are?

Answer 17

Electron donors for cells.

Question 18

Redox reactions shift what and why? (2•)

Answer 18

•Potential energy stored in chemical bonds by •changing the position of electrons.

Question 19

Goal of metabolism?

Answer 19

Transform free energy trapped in molecules to synthesize high energy intermediates such as ATP or NADH.

Question 20

What are the two important ways to consider changes in free energy? (2•)

Answer 20

•Stability
•Potential energy (amount of energy required for work)

Question 21

Spontaneous reactions are also known as?

Answer 21

Exergonic.

Question 22

If you have a weak bond, how much potential energy do you have?

Answer 22

A lot because the bonds can easily break.

Question 23

Overall respiration reaction? DeltaH? DeltaS? (3•)

Answer 23

•6O2 + C2H6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy, •deltaH < 0, •deltaS > 0

Question 24

Does oxidizing carbon make it more stable or less?

Answer 24

More stable because electrons leave and potential energy decreases.

Question 25

Carbons with more bonds with carbons and hydrogens are more oxidized or reduced?

Answer 25

Reduced.

Question 26

Why is metabolism in many different reactions?

Answer 26

To maximize the production of energy.

Question 27

Do you need energy to start metabolism?

Answer 27

Yes.

Question 28

How does ATP transfers potential energy?

Answer 28

By phosphorylation by gaining or loosing phosphate groups.

Question 29

In order for ATP to do work, what else does it need?

Answer 29

Water helps with the cutting to release one phosphate group in a hydrolysis.

Question 30

ATP is coupled to a?

Answer 30

Non-spontaneous reaction that gives it the energy to go forward.

Question 31

Cellular (aerobic) respiration steps? (4•)

Answer 31

•Glycolysis •Pyruvate Processing (acetyl-CoA synthesis) •Tri-carboxylic acid (TCA cycle; citric acid cycle or kerbs cycle) •Oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 32

In bacteria, where does each step of aerobic respiration occur?

Answer 32

Steps 1-3 occur together in cytosol, step 4 occurs in inner cell membrane.

Question 33

In eukaryotes, where does each step of aerobic respiration occur?

Answer 33

Step 1 occurs in cytosol, step 2-3 occurs in mitochondrial matrix, step 4 occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Question 34

High energy intermediates? (3•)

Answer 34

•Steps 1-3, electron carriers (NADH, FADH2) are produced. •ATP is both used and produced in step 1, and then produced again in step 3. •NADH and FADH2 are used in step 4 as electron donors and ATP is produced.