11

Question 1

Glycolysis?

Answer 1

Splitting a glucose molecule in half.

Question 2

First and second phase of glycolysis? (2•)

Answer 2

•Inputs: 2ATP, Glucose
•Output: 2ADP(from ATP)

Question 3

!!!Phase three of glycolysis? (3•)

Answer 3

•Runs twice for every glucose molecule
•Inputs: 2NAD+, 4ADP
•Output: 4 ATPs(from 4ADP), 2NADH + 2H+(from 2 NAD+)

Question 4

ATP is synthesized by?

Answer 4

Substrate level phosphorylation.

Question 5

Substrate level phosphorylation (SLP)?

Answer 5

It takes a phosphate group from one substrate (molecule) and puts it in ADP all by an enzyme.

Question 6

A series of redox reactions occur by reduced electron carriers. Electrons are transferred as H+ ions. How does this play a role in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 6

The H+ ions goes across the inner mitochondrial membrane creating a concentration and charge gradient.

Question 7

What is the electron transport chain made up of?

Answer 7

Four large protein complexes (I to IV)

Question 8

At each complex, how are electrons donated in ETC?

Answer 8

By NADH and FADH2 to NAD+ and FADH+.

Question 9

In ETC, where does electrons enter?

Answer 9

Electrons enter ETC at either complex I or II

Question 10

Electrons donated by NADH enter complex ____ and electrons donated by FADH2 enter complex _____

Answer 10

I, II

Question 11

What is the reaction catalyzed by complex IV?

Answer 11

O2 + 4e- + 4H+ -> 2 H2O

Question 12

Coenzyme Q (CoQ)? (2•)

Answer 12

•Accepts electrons from both complex I and II, and •two electrons and two protons are transferred to CoQ from the matrix forming CoQH2.

Question 13

What is the role of CoQH2? (2•)

Answer 13

•It carries electrons and protons. •Electrons go to to complex III and transferred to cytochrome c, and protons are released into the intermembrane space.

Question 14

Each step in complexes release energy. What is that energy used?

Question 15

What does the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 lead to?

Question 16

F0 in ATP synthase?

Question 17

F1 in ATP synthase?

Question 18

How many ATP for each NADH and ATP per each FADH2 gets produced in ETC overall?

Question 19

Final electron accepter in ETC in animals?

Question 20

Terminal electron acceptor?

Answer 20

The last reaction that accepts the electrons of glucose, which is O2.

Question 21

Lactic Acid Fermentation?

Answer 21

•Glucose runs through glycolysis
•Pyruvate picks up the electrons and get reduced into lactic acid.

Question 22

Ethanol-Fermentation steps? (2•)

Answer 22

•Glucose goes through glycolysis
•2 pyruvates looses a total of 2 CO2 and forms Acetaldehyde, pyruvate picks up 2 protons from the oxidation of 2 NADH to 2 NAD+, and ethanol is formed.

Question 23

Pyruvate Processing?

Answer 23

Inputs: Pyruvate, NAD+, Co-enzyme A
Outputs: NADH+, CO2, Acetyl CoA

Question 24

Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 24

Inputs: FAD, ADP, NAD+, Acetyl CoA
Outputs: NADH, ATP, CO2, CoA, FADH2

Question 25

Locations of metabolic steps in eukaryotes? (2•)

Answer 25

•Glycolysis happens in the cytosol
•Stages 2-4 happens inside the mitochondria.

Question 26

Location of metabolic steps in bacteria? (2•)

Answer 26

•stages 1-3 happens inside the cytosol
•stage 4 happens inside the plasma membrane of the cell.

Question 27

Where does oxidative phosphorylation takes place?

Answer 27

Eukaryotes: inside the inner membrane of mitochondria.

Question 28

Oxidative Phosphorylation inputs and outputs? (2•)

Answer 28

•Inputs: 1 O2, 8 NADH, 3 FADH2, 2 ADP
•Outputs: 4 FAD, 7 NAD+, 6 ATP, 5 H2O

Question 29

Chemiosmosis?

Answer 29

Protons move through a gradient (proton gradient).

Question 30

Electrochemical gradient?

Answer 30

A gradient because of both charge and concentration (e.g. chemiosmosis since H+ is positively charged and depends on concentration)

Question 31

What forms the electrochemical gradient in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 31

Electron Transport Chain

Question 32

What is the role for each complex in ETC and how does energy get passed?

Answer 32

Oxidizing NADH (in complex 1) and FADH2 (in complex 2) to pass electrons as 2e- in total through complex III, IV and to O2 which gets reduced to water.

Question 33

Terminal electron acceptor (TEA)?

Answer 33

O2 + 4H+ + 4e- -> 2 H2O

Question 34

What happens to each complex when it receives electrons from high energy intermediates and how is that electrons used in each complex? (3•)

Answer 34

Each protein •complex is reduced by the electrons from •oxidizing the high energy intermediates, and •gains a little bit of potential energy from that energy that is •used to pump protons from the Matrix to the intermembrane space (primary active transport by proton gradient).

Question 35

Protons do not want to stay in the intermediate space. So where do they go?

Answer 35

Back to the matrix through ATP synthase spontaneously, thus free energy is released and transferred to ATP synthase to make ATP.

Question 36

……Why is metabolism not in one reaction step?

Answer 36

Since a little bit of energy is required to make ATP, but there needs to be a pause for ATP to be made. However if a lot of energy is released by one step, then there is not enough time to make multiple ATP molecules.

Question 37

Proton motive force?

Answer 37

Energy extracted by the spontaneous effects of diffusing protons through ATP synthase that spins the F1 subunit of ATP synthase.

Question 38

F1 subunit of ATP synthase?

Answer 38

The spinning part that catalyze the synthesis of ATP.

Question 39

F0 subunit?

Answer 39

A channel that rotates as protons pass through it.

Question 40

Substrate level of phosphorylation TOTAL ATP production?

Answer 40

4 ATP

Question 41

Oxidative Phosphorylation TOTAL ATP?

Answer 41

28 ATP

Question 42

Total ATP production in cellular respiration?

Answer 42

32 ATP

Question 43

Anaerobic organisms use anaerobic cellular respiration to produce ATP. What do they use instead of oxygen?

Answer 43

NO3- or SO4 2- to run all 4 steps of cellular respiration.

Question 44

Think about the coefficients in inputs and outputs in oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 45

Dinitrophenol (DNP)?

Answer 45

If it reaches the mitochondria or bacteria, it allows protons the ability to diffuse through the innermembrane.

Question 46

What happens to the potential energy if DNP is introduced to the inner membrane?

Answer 46

The energy goes to water once protons slams into water, and water vibrates fast and releases heat which boils it.