10

Question 1

nosocomial infection

Answer 1

infection acquired by a patient during hospitalization and having its origin in the hospital environment or in a medical procedure.

Question 2

how common is nosocomial infection

Answer 2

25%

Question 3

are due to causes which escape all reasonable means of prevention e.g., infections in the immunodeficient, surgery in patients with a perforated organ

is called a

preventable or non-preventable infection

Answer 3

non-preventable infection

Question 4

due to faulty medical or nursing techniques (e.g., breaches in aseptic
procedures in surgery/catheterization, improper hand washing etc.)

is called a

preventable or non-preventable infection

Answer 4

preventable infection

Question 5

In the transmission of an infection by a microorganism three factors play an essential role:

Answer 5

SOURCE –> ROUTE (WAY) OF TRANSMISSION –> HOST

Question 6

medical activities that can cause problems

Answer 6

surgeries, intravenous access, urinary catheter

Question 7

source

Answer 7

location where microorganisms replicate and disseminate

Question 8

route of infection

Answer 8

way by which microorganism leave source to get to host

contact - direct (e.g., person to person)
- indirect through contaminated objects (fomites) e.g., a wound dressing, blood soiled needles, etc.
- water or food
- air
- vectors (e.g., insects

Question 9

host

Answer 9

how susceptible are you? age? immune status?

Question 10

how hospital try to prevent and avoid nosocomial infection

Answer 10

1. render source non-infectious
2. prevent microorganisms from leaving source
3. interfere with dissemination routes
4. prevent microorganisms from entering host

Question 11

what measure can be taken in terms of sources?

Answer 11

detection/identification of sources

isolation/precaution of infected individuals

treatment of infections

elimination of inanimate source of pests

Question 12

what measure can be taken in terms of The route of transmission

Answer 12

• sterilization
• disinfection
• proper medical/nursing techniques
• ventilation
• adequate housekeeping procedures

Question 13

what measure can be taken in terms of The host

Answer 13

• asepsis (e.g., in surgery)
• vaccination (when possible)
• protective isolation (e.g., isolation of transplant patients)

Question 14

universal precaution

Answer 14

• infection control techniques developed after aids outbreak (1980’s)
• treat all patients as if they are infected
• good hygiene habits (hand washing, gloves, barriers, aseptic technique
• wearing masks

Question 15

____ measures need to be taken for different diseases

little

some

extra

Answer 15

extra

Question 16

universal protection = isolating patient

True or False

Answer 16

False
just take measure to break chain of infection

Question 17

Decontamination

Answer 17

destroying or removing harmful microorganisms, chemicals or
radioactivity on an object or surface.

Question 18

sanitzation

Answer 18

Reduction of microbial load on objects and environmental surfaces through washing or wiping with detergents or cleaning agents

Question 19

Disinfection

Answer 19

freeing an object of harmful microorganisms, not necessarily spores

Question 20

Antisepsis

Answer 20

Use of a germicide on the surface of living skin or mucous membrane

Question 21

Sterilization

Answer 21

destroy all types of microorganisms in or on an object.

Question 22

what is the effect of dirt on a service

Answer 22

it hides pathogens

Question 23

physical means of sterilization

Answer 23

(1) Heat, (2) Radiation and (3) Filtration

Question 24

types of heat sterilizatio

Answer 24

Dry heat, moist heat (pasteurization, boiling) , incineration, autoclaving

Question 25

types of heat radiation

Answer 25

gamma (DNA damage) and ultraviolet light (nucleic damage, prolonged and direct)

Question 26

factors affecting disinfectant action

Answer 26

1. Concentration of germicide
2. Microbes present
3. Contact time
4. Organic and inorganic load
5. Other factors: Surface topography, pH, age, storage condition

Question 27

The decreasing order of resistance of classes of microorganisms to disinfectant

Answer 27

Bacterial spores and protozoan cysts

Mycobacteria

Fungi

Vegetative bacteria

Enveloped viruses

Question 28

Antiseptics are regularly used as:

Answer 28

pre-surgical hand scrubs

pre-operative skin preparations on patients

treatment or prevention of infections on skin or mucous membranes