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HSS1100 > 6 > Flashcards

6 Flashcards

1
Q

What do mycobacteria cause? Why cant gram stain be used?

A

tuberculosis and leprosy
waxy coat and resistant to disinfectant and it resist decolorization

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2
Q

what special staining method is used?

A

ZIEHL-NEELSEN

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3
Q

what is mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

acid fast bacillus causes chronic, slowly progressing, pulmonary infection

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4
Q

what is the first stage of tuberculosis?

A

Primary tuberculosis

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5
Q

steps for Ziehl neelsen staining

A
  1. Ziehl-Neelsen carbol fuchsin to the slide for five minutes while applying heat.
  2. Follow with a gentle wash with water to cool the slide.
  3. Acid alcohol is now added to decolorize the slide.
  4. Wash the slide in water again and counterstain with methylene blue for 1-2 minute
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6
Q

how long does it take to see mycobacterium tuberculosis on a Lowenstein Jensen medium

A

4-6 weeks

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7
Q

how many people does mycobacterium tuberculosis affect

A

1.7 billion/year

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8
Q

what happens in primary tuberculosis

A
  1. Aerosol inhalation
    2.Bacteria multiplication in alveoli
    3.Macrophage ingestion of bacilli and formation of 1º complex
    4.Foci of infection in lungs (may be spread to kidneys, bones, meninges)
  2. 6 weeks CMI is fully active, infection is stopped
    (majority of cases)
    6.Some bacilli survive, reactivation several years later
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9
Q

what is the second stage of mycobacterium tuberculosis

A
  1. Late reactivation of lesions in lungs, kidneys, bones etc
  2. 5% of cases; higher in patients with AIDS
    3.Chronic infection
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10
Q

immunity in tuberculosis

A

CMI is most important (T-cells)
-tuberculin solution injected intradermally (wait 48-72 hrs)
-mantoux test
-record diameter >10mm (positive), 5-9 (doubtful), <4mm Negative)
-poisitve dont mean active

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11
Q

What is atypical mycobacteria? it has a higher ______. how does it affect the Mantoux test

A

Occasionally isolated from patients with chronic pulmonary disease indistinguishable from TB (M. kansassi, M. avium, M. intracellulare)
-resistance to anti-tb drug
-gives doubtful Mantoux test

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12
Q

whats tehe difference between M.marinum and M fortuitum

A

M. marinum: skin infections
* M. fortuitum: soft tissue abscesses

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13
Q

all atypical mycobacterium infections are typically seen in
the elderly
veterans
immune-comprimised
city people

A

immune-comprimised

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14
Q

what does mycobacterium leprae cause? how many kinds are there? whats the name?

A

-leprosy
-2 kinds
tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy

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15
Q

is myobacteriumrarely found found in developed countries or undeveloped

A

developed

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16
Q

what is Tuberculoid leprosy:

A

visible nerve enlargement,
few erythmatous plaques, few bacilli in infected
tissues, but many lymphocytes and granulomas;
low infectivity

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17
Q

Lepromatous leprosy

A

no visible nerve
enlargement, many erythromatous nodules, many
bacilli in infected tissue; high infectivity

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18
Q

epidemiology of mycobacterium liprae

A

not common in North America, mostly seen in Asia and Africa
-between 1-2 million cases currently reported worldwide; only 125 new cases seen in US each
year.
-transmission is primarily human to human through respiratory droplets; in some rare cases
transmission occurs through an animal reservoir (armadillos).

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19
Q

how is the diagnoses for mycobacterium leprae

A

microscopy is used for the lepromatous diagnosis, but not for the tuberculoid form since so
few bacilli are present; skin testing is used for the tuberculoid form

20
Q

what are the 3 types of spirochetes

A

Treponema causing syphilis, yaws, pinta
Leptospira causing leptospirosis
Borrrelia causing relapsing fever, known as Lyme disease

21
Q

what causes syphillis

A

T.pallidum
-STI

22
Q

what is primary syphillis?

A

Appearance of chancre 3-4 weeks after infection
* Fluid from lesion contains bacteria seen under
dark-field microscopy

23
Q

Secondary syphilis

A
  • 6 weeks after appearance of chancre
  • Generalized or local rash
  • Mucosal lesions with many treponemes
24
Q

Latent syphilis

A

No symptoms of infection
* Non-transmittable after 4 years
* BUT congenital infection may occur

25
Q

Late syphilis

A

Obliterative endarteritis
* Can involve skin, mucosae, nervous system,
cardiovascular system and tissues

26
Q

what testing is used to diagnose syphilis

A

serology testing

27
Q

what happens during Non-treponemal tests

A

Non-specific: use cardiolipin asantigen
* Screening
* Positive in early stages
(VDRL, RPR, Wassermann)

28
Q

Treponemal tests

A
  • Specific: Use treponemal
    extracts
  • FTA-ABS: Flourescent
    Treponemal Antibody Absorption
  • MHA-TP: Microhemagglutination
    of T.pallidum
    Used to confirm positive VDRL
29
Q

what does borrelia burgdorferi cause? how? what does it affect? where is it common or uncommon? how to diagnose it?

A

Lyme disease
* Tick bites
* Affects skin, joints, nervous system and heart
* Common in US, rare in Canada
* Use serology for diagnosis (ELISA)

30
Q

why cant a microscope be used for diagnoses? when would a serology test be ineffective?

A

organism is very difficult to see under microscope
* difficult to culture
* Serology does not give +ve result in first 2-4 weeks
of infection

31
Q

what is the treatment for lyme disease?

A

Doxycycline, amoxicillin, cefuroxime for early
disease
* For neurological and musculoskeletal
manifestations, undergo prolonged treatment

32
Q

what is the prevention for lyme disease?

A

avoid ticks and wear protective clothing in woods
(long sleeves and pants)
* Vaccine available: ospA antigen of organism

33
Q

what is Chylmydae

A

small bacteria (cocci)which are obligate intracellular energy parasites
They have a unique life cycle with 2 forms: infectious
elementary body (300-400 nm) and reticulate body (800-1000 nm).

34
Q

what can NOT be done to chylmadie

A
  • Can NOT make their own ATP or other energy
    intermediates
  • Can NOT be grown on artificial media
35
Q

Life cycle has 2 forms:

A

Elementary body (300-400 nm)
– Infectious form
– No growth or replication
* Reticulate body (800-1000 nm)
– Replication and growth

36
Q

what is the most common std in Canada and US? how does it affect each sex respectively?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis
Males: urethritis
Females: cervicitis

37
Q

what happens if chlamydia trachomatis goes untreated?

A

Untreated male: prostatitis,epididymitis
Untreated female: PID, tubal infertility,
ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain

38
Q

species has been divided into 2 biovars:

A

trachoma and LGV (lymphogranuloma venereum)

39
Q

Other infections caused by C. trachomatis:

A

a chronic ocular infection; leading cause of blindness in the middle-East, North Africa,
and S.E. Asia.
-Inclusion conjunctivitis and less frequently pneumonia in the newborn as a result of perinatal transmission

Lymphogranuloma venereum: STD from some
serotypes of C. trachomatis; endemic in tropical
and subtropical countries

40
Q

Other Chlamydiae

A

CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE
* Respiratory tract infections, mild pneumonia
* Usually sub-clinical infections
* CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI
* Bird pathogen
* Can transmit to humans
* Pneumonia or endocarditis

41
Q

what is a mycoplasma? where is it usually found

A

Smallest free-living bacterium (100-300 nm)
-Saprophytes, part of normal flora of oropharynx and
genital tract of humans and animals

42
Q

PRIMARY cause of atypical pneumonia
* More common in younger individuals (15-35 years)
* RARELY complications lead to meningoencephalitis,
myocarditis
* Diagnosis is usually clinical, no lab confirmation
* Treatment: erythromycin or tetracycline

A

MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE (causes, who it effects, complication, diagnois, treatment)

43
Q

GENITAL MYCOPLASMA (MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS,
UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM)

A
  • Part of normal genital flora
  • Rate of colonization increases with number of sexual
    partners
  • May cause urethritis, epididymitis, pelvic inflammatory
    disease and postpartum fever
  • ?? Infertility and premature birth ??
44
Q

level of depths of infections

A

Superficial
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Systemic

45
Q

Aspergillus flavus

A

spores of this mold are everywhere
- some develop type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (IgE-mediated)
- persons with lung cavitations from TB or malignancies can get aspergillus fungal ball
(aspergilloma) in cavity
- immunocompromised persons can develop invasive pneumonias and disseminated diseases
- A. flavus and other fungi produce toxins called mycotoxins
- A. flavus produces aflatoxin
o Contamination of peanuts, grains and rice

HSS1100 (12 decks)

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