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HSS1100 > 8 > Flashcards

8 Flashcards

1
Q

how do viruses multiply

A

synthesis of nucleic acid and protein then used to build virus particle

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2
Q

do viruses have metaboilsm

A

no they need other cells to grow

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3
Q

4 basic components of viruses

A

nucleic acid

protein capsule

protect core w/antigen inside

carries genetic code

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4
Q

3 ways viruses can grow

A
  1. cell cultures
  2. embryonic eggs
  3. living animals
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5
Q

if a viruses is able to grow using one method is it possible to grow them on another?

A

no

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6
Q

5 steps of replication for viruses

A
  1. adsorption- virus adheres to cell wall
  2. injection- releases viral particle material in cell and looses it’s protein coating (eclipsed)
  3. synthesis- use of cell to create immature viral components
  4. maturation- ineffective virus mature in cell using nucleic acids and proteins to build them up
  5. release- may leave the cell by lysis or budding through cell membrane
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7
Q

what is the golden rule of viruses

A

they die quickly in clinical media.

must be examined and inoculated quickly.

refrigerate don’t freeze

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8
Q

how do we detect a virus

A

a. detection of virus itself

b. detection of immune reactions produced by host cells; draw blood for antibodies

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9
Q

ways to use detection of virus in clinical specimen

A
  1. E.M electron microscopy (since viruses are invisible to light
  2. multiplication
  3. direct detection of virus by clinical specimen immunological methods
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10
Q

detection of virus in clinical specimen (multiplication effects)

A

cytopathic effect: visual modification of cell

hemagglutination: agglutinate red blood cells

immunofluorescent and other serological method approaches

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11
Q

ways to detect/identify viruses using patient

A

immunity test- presence or absence of antibodies

diagnostic test- rise of antibody titer

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12
Q

5 respiratory viruses

A
  1. influenza
  2. parainfluenza
  3. respiratory syncytial
  4. rhinoviruses
  5. coronaviruses
  6. echoviruses, coxsackie virus, herpes virus
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13
Q

what is the difference between influenza A and B

A

A. cause major epidemics

B. milder disease; occasionally causes epidemics

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14
Q

why is antigenic variability so common in respiratory viruses

A

nucleic material is made of separate connected fragments that recombinant with other fragments allowing variability of antigen

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15
Q

clinical symptoms of influenza virus. Who is at risk?

A

acute febrile illness (fever lasting for about 2-7 days)

infants and elderly

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16
Q

how to diagnose influenza

A

throat washing (nasopharyngeal aspirate)

pairing sera acute and convalescent phase

taken 14-21 days apart, if there is a large rise or fall in Ab production sign of infection

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17
Q

how to prevent influenza

A

get a vaccine dummy

antiviral drugs available for type A influenza

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18
Q

respiratory illness that affects infants and small children, causes croup (barking cough, high pitch), cause bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia. No vaccine available

A

parainfluenza viruse

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19
Q

respiratory illness, affecting children under 2.

symptoms include bronchiolitis and pneumonia; occasionally fatal

is known to cause epidemics

no vaccine

given ribavizine

A

respiratory syncytial virus

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20
Q

rhinovirus

A

“common cold”

> 100 serological species

no cross immunity, so infection is common

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21
Q

how to detect a respiratory virus

A
  1. fastest approach direct detection using immunofluorescence and inoculation of virus
  2. clinical specimens in order of usefulness: nasopharyngeal aspirate, throat wash, cotton swab
  3. difficult to identify after few days
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21
Q

3 public health measure for respiratory illnesses

A
  1. identify antigenic makeup and circulating strain in community
  2. decide if amantadine is useful (against type A)
  3. restrict access to nursing home and hospitals
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21
Q

how to manage patients with respiratory illness

A
  1. cohorting in pediatric facility RSV and croup
  2. restrictive use of antiviral meds
  3. special care for debilatating patients
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21
Q

what are enteric viruses

A

multiply in gastrointestinal tract but do not cause gastro-enteritis

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21
Q

how are enteric virus able to reach other organs

A

viremia; dissemination in blood

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21
Q

how is enteric virus acquired

A

respiratory tract

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22
Q

% of enteric virus that is inapparent? % of mild illness? major illnes?

A

95%

4-5

1

23
Q

How many types of Poliovirus

A

1,2,3

24
Q

enteric disease, only host is humans, causes poliomyelitis, currently only found in africa and asia

A

polio virus

25
Q

what is poliomyelitis

A

highly infectious, invades nervous system, paralysis within hours

26
Q

how to diagnose polio

A

stool sample or pairing sera (acute and convalescent phase)

people inapparent infection still spread disease

27
Q

two ways to fight the polio virus

A

killed polio virus- doesn’t produce (IgA), so can still infect community but used for immunocompromised patients and unimmunized adults

live attenuated virus- by mouth, produces IgG and IgA effective for community by suppressing virus in GI tract, don’t give to immunosuppressed or those not vaccinated against poliomyelitis

28
Q

enteric virus characterized by groups A and B, seasonal variation

diagnosis:
stool sample and paired sera

no vaccine

A

coxsackie virus

29
Q
  • herpangina and hand-foot-and-mouth disease
    aseptic meningitis
A

sign of group A coxsackie virus

30
Q

minor respiratory illness
aseptic meningitis
pleurodynia, pericarditis and myocarditis

A

sign of group B coxsackie virus

31
Q

enteric viruses
minor respiratory illness
aseptic meningitis

no vaccine

A

Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan Disease

32
Q

virus causing diarrhea

common in winter months and infants

symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, fever, dehydration, highly infectious

incubation of 2-3 days

large number on hands, stools, dirty diapers

found in daycares

A

rotavirus

33
Q

how is rotavirus transmitted

A

fecal-oral route, explosive diarrhea via aerosols and fomite

34
Q

how to prevent rotavirus

A

quick diagnosis and isolation

hand washing

35
Q

norovirus
Diagnosis, Epidemiology, transmission and prevention

A

Outbreaks of gastroenteritis in older children and adults

Diagnosis: first exclude bacterial cause, then
can be differentiated from bacterial gastroenteritis; electron mic and imm.

  • Epidemiology: VERY CONTAGIOUS; survives
    well on objects/environment

– Fecal-oral route; food-borne outbreaks and in water

  • Prevention: no vaccine; handwashing and
    isolation of infected individuals
36
Q

respiratory virus

common in young children

gastroenteritis

diagnosed with electron mic. + imm.

fecal-oral route

A

adenovirus

37
Q

Sporadic gastroenteritis in children and infants

electron microscopy

fecal oral route

A

calici and astrovirus

38
Q

which two diarrhea causing viruses are very contagious

A

norovirus and rotavirus

39
Q

5 viruses that cause a rash

A
  1. measles (German measles)
  2. rubella
  3. herpes (HSV)
  4. papilloma
  5. varicella (chicken pox)
40
Q

where do rashes of measles first appear

A

behind ear, forehead and nostrils

41
Q

2ndary complications of measels

A

bronchopneumonia
Encephalitis (rare)
– Exacerbation of TB and
leukemia

42
Q

how to confirm measles and determine immune status

A

confirmation of a suspected case: by the demonstration of IgM antibody against measles in a single blood specimen or of a rising antibody titer against measles (IgG) in paired bloods.

  1. determination of the immune status of contacts: by the demonstration of circulating measles specific antibody (IgG).
43
Q

how to prevent measels

A

immune globin if given within 5 day of contraction of virus

live attenuated virus at 12 months (MMR vaccine)

44
Q

what happens if pregnant women is not vaccinated against rubella

A

may lead to birth defects

risk of damage decrease with weeks

0-4= 50% risk damage
5-8=20%
9-12=7%

44
Q

birth defects of rubella (German measles)

A

abortion, death of newborn, cataracts (6th week), deafness (9th week), heart defect, low birth weight, dental abnormalities, mental deficiency

45
Q

rash virus

common in winter and spring

school age children

epidemic every 7-10

life long immunity

birth defects for unvaccinated mother

60% of cases in 15 year olds

A

Rubella Virus

46
Q

how to diagnose rubella

A

rise in IgM or Ab titer using paired sera

47
Q

how to prevent rubella

A

check immune status of women at child bearing age

status of worker in hospital

live attenuated virus except for pregnant women

48
Q

childhood
febrile illness with
characteristic rash

-Successive crops of fresh vesicles appear within 3-4 days after the onset of the rash. Papules, vesicles and crusts are present at the same time.

n non-immune adults,
occasional pneumonia,
may be fatal

A

Varicella

49
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A

partially immune adult of varicella

pain across ONE 1 ONE nerve

found in adult

50
Q

how to diagnose varicella

A

EM or Imm followed by culture bacteria

51
Q

prevention of varicella

A

vaccine; detection of susceptible
persons by serological
methods; passive immunization

52
Q

orally acquired herpes

cold sores

A

HSV 1

53
Q

“herpes genitalis” associated with genital tract;
infected females can transmit to the newborn

A

HSV 2

54
Q

can type 1 Herpes be transmitted sexually

A

yes

55
Q

how to identify HSV

A
  1. Identification of virus particles by electron microscopy or immunological methods in clinical specimens
  2. The virus grows easily in cell cultures (usually within 24 - 48 hours)
  3. Serology of very little use
56
Q

Clinical forms (apart from cold sores)

A

Genital infections: recurrent in both sexes
– Herpetic encephalitis: RARE (see CNS viruses)
– Neonatal Herpes: acquired during birth from
asymptomatic mother; difficult to prevent; can result in
death or severe sequelae (see CNS viruses)
– Herpetic Whitlow: affects fingers, occupational hazard
of health care workers; nosocomial infections in
neonates
– Corneal and Conjunctival Infection: can cause
ulceration of cornea and blindness

57
Q

prevention of HSV (meds, mother)

A

antivirals; C-section
for symptomatic mothers; Vaccines coming soon

58
Q

papilloma virus

A

Common warts on hands and feet
– Genital warts: sexual transmission, asymptomatic carriers
– Some types associated with cancer: cervix, vulva, penis

59
Q

how to diagnose papilloma virus

A

PAP smear, immuno techniques and DNA
hybridization techniques, NO CELL CULTURE, vaccine (Gardasil)

HSS1100 (12 decks)

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