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10. Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Germinal stage

A

2-week period of prenatal development beginning at conception
Zygote divides
Zygote travels back down fallopian tube

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2
Q

Embryonic stage

A

Period of prenatal development lasting from second week until 8th week
Cells differentiate structures
Heart
Arms and legs
Testosterone production creates male reproductive organs

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3
Q

Fetal stage

A

Period of prenatal development lasting from 9th week until birth
Skeleton and muscles
Insulating fat layer
Digestive and respiratory systems mature
Brain cells divide and create axons and dendrites
Myelination
Newborn brain 25% adult size

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4
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents that damage the process of development

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5
Q

Cephalocaudal rule

A

Motor skills emerge in sequence from head to feet

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6
Q

Proximodistal rule

A

Tendency for motor skills to emerge from centre to periphery

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7
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor, birth-2 years
Shows evidence of understanding of object permanence, experiences world thru sense and movement, develops schemas, begins to act intentionally
Preoperational, 2-6 years
Does not understand conservation of physical properties
Egocentric to other minds
Concrete operational, 6-11 years
Logical thinking, conservation of physical properties
Formal operational, 11+
Logical about abstract propositions and hypotheticals like love and liberty

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8
Q

Schema

A

Theories about the way the world works

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9
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which infants apply their schemas in novel ways

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10
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

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11
Q

Theory of mind

A

The understanding that other people’s mental representations guide their behaviour
Age Influenced by siblings, pretend play frequency, imaginary friends, socioeconomic status
Slow in deaf children whose parents don’t know sign language because language limited
and autism, because have trouble understanding inner lives of people, don’t understand ppl have false beliefs, don’t get shame, embarrassment

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12
Q

What did Piaget get wrong?

A

Development is fluid not graduation from one stage to next, more mature some days
Children acquire some abilities earlier than he thought
Children acquire abilities through interaction with own culture

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13
Q

What can babies do that animals can’t?

A

Joint attention
Imitation, even intended action
Social referencing, like facial cues for indicators

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14
Q

Attachment styles

A

Secure - calmed and happy
Avoidant - not distressed, neutral
Ambivalent - distressed and rebuffing
Disorganized - no consistency

German - avoidant
Japanese - ambivalent
General - secure

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15
Q

Internal working model of relationships

A

A set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them

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16
Q

Preconventional stage

A

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
He would feel bad if he went to jail

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17
Q

Conventional stage

A

A stage of morality development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
Immoral actions are condemned by others
Duty to society over family

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18
Q

Postconventional stage

A

A stage of morality development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
Life more important than profits

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19
Q

Adolescence

A

Begins with onset of sexual maturity 11-14 and lasts until beginning of adulthood
Girls at 10
Boys at 12

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20
Q

Primary and secondary sex characteristics

A

Bodily structures directly involved in repro

Structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in repro

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21
Q

What can happen to child if mother doesn’t get enough food?

A

Increased risk of schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder

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22
Q

Does food mom eats affect baby?

A

Baby can develop preference for those foods eaten while in womb

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23
Q

How do teratogens affect baby?

A

FAS
Alcohol
Smoking causes lower birth rates, perceptual and attentional problems, low birth weight, learning deficit
Lead, paint dust, mercury

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24
Q

How do we know babies know mom’s voice?

A

Suck nipple more quickly when hear mother than stranger
Reading in womb
Prefer native language
Cry in cadence of native tongue

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25
How far do babies see?
8-12”
26
How early can babies mimic facial expressions?
An hour after birth | Speech sounds 12 weeks after birth
27
How do babies’ motor development happen?
``` Rolls over Sits without support Stands holding on Pulls self to stand Walks holding on to furniture Stands well alone Walks well alone Walks up steps ```
28
What’s the best predictor of success on false-belief tasks?
Language Especially thoughts and feelings Between 4 and 6
29
What did Vygotsky find after Piaget?
Cognitive dev result of child’s interaction with members of own culture rather than with concrete objects Chinese kids counting
30
How does baby determine primary caregiver?
Coo and cry to anybody For 6 mos they keep a tally of who responds most promptly Then target fastest and best who becomes primary caregiver Form emotional attachment
31
Where do attachment styles come from?
Temperament, characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity Parents’ reports and physiological indices like heart rate, blood flow to brain Temperament results from bio differences and culture Secure most common in all cultures German more avoidant Japanese more ambivalent Securely attached moms are sensitive to emotional state, requests for reassurance. Ambivalent babies tend to have moms who attend inconsistently
32
What are internal models of relationships?
``` A set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and their relationship Secure sure of response Avoidant sure of no response Ambivalent not sure Disorganized confused, possible abuse ```
33
How do childrens’ morals develop?
Shift from realism to relativism. Inviolable rules. Don’t hit to rules can be adopted or abandoned Shift from prescriptions to principles. Everyone gets a turn to whoever missed a turn gets two turns Shift from outcomes to intentions. Accidental harm to ipad worse than intentional harm to pencil.
34
How do children’s moral reasoning develop by Kohlberg?
Preconventional stage for children, morality of action determined by consequences for actor. Actor will feel bad. Conventional stage for adolescence, morality determined by extent to which it conforms to social rules. Actor must weigh duty to society to duty to family. Postconventional stage, morality of action is determined by set of general principles that reflect core values. Law requiring principles to be violated should be disobeyed.
35
What’s wrong with Kohlberg’s theory?
Stages aren’t discrete Doesn’t apply to non-western societies where obedience and community more important than individuality Looks conventional when actually postconventional
36
Is train scenario decided by moral reasoning or emotional reaction? What does this say about moral judgements?
Emotional reaction Moral judgements may be consequences of emotional reactions Moral intuitionist approach: we react emotionally to small group of events relative to survival and reproduction. Right and wrong are labels on reactions. Hypnotized take reaction vs accept
37
What causes early puberty?
Improved health and diet Enviro toxins mimicking estrogen Age of adult responsibility has risen or protracted
38
What are myths about adolescence?
No moodier than children Hormones only small impact on mood Can make wise decisions based on information Can be more impulsive and more susceptible to peer influence
39
What are chances of siblings being gay?
Identical twin of gay man has 50% chance | Fraternal or nontwin brother 15% chance
40
Teen sex rates?
25% American teens have had 4 or more sex partners by senior year 50% used a condom last time
41
How do teens evolve socially?
Groups of same sexed peers Groups meet in public places and interact Older members peel off into mixed sex groups meeting in private and public Couples peel off from groups Increasing amount of time with opposite sex peers while maintaining time spent with same sex peers, less time with parents
42
How do peers exert influence on teens?
Admiration, not pressure
43
What happens during adult aging?
Prefrontal cortex deteriorates Weaker cognitive ability for effort, initiative, strategy More decline in working memory than long term More decline in episodic memory than semantic Compensation Brain de-differentiation, bilateral asymmetry disappears to complete tasks on both sides
44
What is socioemotional selectivity theory?
Young adults orient towards acquisition of information useful in future Older adults oriented towards information bringing emotional satisfaction in present
45
What happens to relationships as people age?
Older adults choose to spend more time with family and close friends than large group of acquaintances Rate of interaction with acquaintances decreased while interaction with spouses, parents, siblings stable or increased
46
Is marriage consequence or cause of happiness?
Consequence
47
When were women happier to look after kids?
Compared to doing housework | Less happy than when eating, exercising, shopping, napping, TV
48
Prenatal stage
Conception to birth
49
Infancy stage
18 to 24 months
50
Habituation
The tendency for organisms to respond less intensely to a stimulus the more frequently they are exposed to it
51
Rooting reflex
Tendency for infants to move their mouths toward any object that touches their cheek
52
By what is the emergence of motor behaviours influenced?
Incentive for reaching, body weight, muscular development, general level of activity Mobiles
53
Object permanence
The belief that objects exist even when they are not visible | Infants don’t have it
54
What will preoperational children do when shown two glasses filled with equal amounts of liquid, then a taller one? Concrete operational?
Taller glass has more No difference. Conservation understood
55
What makes babies good learners?
Joint attention. Both 3 and 9 months. Older won’t try to see what adult looks at if adult eyes are closed. Imitation. Performance of intended action. Social referencing. Looking for approving glances before proceeding.
56
How do caregiver interactions determine attachment style?
Secure - sensitive to needs and need for reassurance | Ambivalent - inconsistent response
57
How children think about right and wrong?
Realism to relativism: rules are inventions not discoveries Prescriptions to principles: rules can be abandoned if they don’t hold up general principle of fairness Outcomes to intentions: intention bad vs accident ok
58
Moral intuitionist perspective
Evolution has created emotional reactions to events related to reproduction and survival, which we have labelled right and wrong to explain reaction
59
What happens when we see a loved one hurt?
Mirror neurons activate Same brain regions activate as when we suffer ourselves Watching loved ones hurt, our emotional centres activate
60
Why is adolescence protracting?
Improved diet and health More toxins But age of taking responsibilities higher
61
When does neuron development peak?
Frontal and parietal lobes at 12 Temporal lobe at 16 Occipital lobe at 22 males 14 females
62
What do gay and straight brains look like?
Unequally sized hemispheres in straight men and gay women | Equal in straight women and gay men
63
Teen pregnancy and abortion rates?
Highest in developed world Teen moms worse off on educational success and economic achievement than not Their kids poorer on educational success and emotional well-being than older moms
64
Do teens taking abstinence pledges have less sex and use birth control more?
No and no
65
What is de-differentiation?
Young adults keep verbal information in working memory, and left prefrontal cortex activates more than right. Spatial information activates right prefrontal cortex more. In adults, bilateral symmetry disappears
66
What was the only activity women were less happy doing than raising children?
Housework

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