12. Social Psychology

Question 1

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 1

A principle stating that animals aggress when their desires are frustrated

Question 2

Common knowledge effect

Answer 2

The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

Question 3

Group polarization

Answer 3

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

Question 4

Groupthink

Answer 4

The tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal memory

Question 5

Deindividuation

Answer 5

A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

Question 6

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 6

The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Question 7

Bystander intervention

Answer 7

The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Question 8

Altriusm

Answer 8

Behaviour that benefits another without benefiting onseself

Question 9

Kin selection

Answer 9

The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

Question 10

Reciprocal altriusm

Answer 10

Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

Question 11

Mere exposure effect

Answer 11

The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

Question 12

Social exchange

Answer 12

The hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits
Factors:
Alternatives available
Different from partner’s
Resources invested

Question 13

Social influence

Answer 13

The control of one person’s behaviour by another
Motivations:
Hedonism: drunk drivers
Approval: norms, conformity, obedience
Believe what is right and avoid believing what is wrong (Accuracy motive): laugh tracks, lineups outside clubs,

Question 14

Norms

Answer 14

Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture

Question 15

Norm of reciprocity

Answer 15

The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted from them

Question 16

Normative influence

Answer 16

A phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate

Question 17

Conformity

Answer 17

The tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

Question 18

Attitude

Answer 18

An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

Question 19

Belief

Answer 19

An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

Question 20

Informational influence

Answer 20

A phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is true

Question 21

Persuasion

Answer 21

A phenomenon that occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

Question 22

Systematic persuasion

Answer 22

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

Question 23

Heuristic persuasion

Answer 23

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

Question 24

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 24

An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes or beliefs
Voter signs
Doesn’t happen when small inconsistencies are justified by large inconsistencies
Alleviated by restoring consistency among one’s actions, attitudes, beliefs

Question 25

Social cognition

Answer 25

The processes by which people come to understand others

Question 26

Stereotyping

Answer 26

The process by which people draw inferences about people based on their knowledge of the categories to which those people belong Inaccurate, (Jews) overused, (artists) self-perpetuating, (basketball players) unconscious (guns)

Question 27

Perceptual confirmation

Answer 27

The tendency for people to see what they expect to see

Question 28

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 28

The tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave

Question 29

Attribution

Answer 29

An inference about the cause of a person’s behaviour

Question 30

Correspondence bias

Answer 30

The tendency to make dispositional attributions instead of situational attributions

Question 31

Actor-observer effect

Answer 31

The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others

Question 32

When do women get aggressive?

Answer 32

Challenge to resources

Question 33

Prejudice

Answer 33

Positive or negative evaluation of another based on their membership in a group

Question 34

What are good predictors of marriage?

Answer 34

Similarities in Education, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic, personality

Question 35

Why is similarity attractive?

Answer 35

Easy interaction Validation of beliefs in common Being liked back