11. Personality Flashcards
(51 cards)
Projective test
Designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals’ personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli
Trait
A relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
Orderliness
Doesn’t explain behaviour
Organized in hierarchy, associated to higher-order trait called factor
Neuroticism…anxious, moody…cries, sensitive…dejected, elated, ashamed
Big Five
The traits of the five-factor personality model: open to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Liked because no overlap
Five factors come up a lot in studies
Show up in adults, kids, other cultures and languages
Also predict social media behaviour
Psychodynamic approach
Freud Regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness. Motives that can also produce emotional disorders Meaning taken from Freudian slips Interaction between id, superego, ego determine personality Governed by anxiety Anxiety checked by defense mechanisms Lacks evidence After the fact not predictions
Id
Part of the mind containing the drives present at birth. The source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, like sex and aggression
Pleasure principle
Superego
Mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority
Conscience
Ego
The component of personality, developed thru contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands
Delayed gratification driver
Defense mechanisms
Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses
Psychosexual stages
Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body area and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures
Fixation
A phenomenon in which a person’s pleasure seeking drives become psychologically stuck or arrested at a particular psychosexual stage, creating conflict and influencing personality
Oral stage
The first psychosexual stage, in which experience centres on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed
1 year
Anal stage
The second ps stage, in which experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training
2-3 years
Phallic stage
The third ps stage in which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict
3-5 years
Oedipus conflict
A developmental experience in which a child’s conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent are resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent
In phallic stage
Latency stage
4th ps stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills
5-13 years
Making it here is a sign of healthy personality development
Genital stage
5th and final ps stage, the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and related to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner
Self-actualizing tendency
The human motive toward realizing our inner potential
Existential approach
A school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death
Social-cognitive approach
An approach the views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
Perception of environment, how personality shape constructs in one’s mind
Person-situation controversy
The question of whether behaviour is caused more by personality or situational factors
Mischel argued traits don’t predict behaviour
Behaviour won’t predict behaviour in another situation
Personal constructs
Dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences
Lazy vs leisurely
Outcome expectancies
A person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behaviour
Locus of control
A person’s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment
Self-concept
A person’s explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviours, traits, and other personality characteristics
