1.0. Overview in Medical Technology Part 1

Question 1

Medical Technology

Answer 1

Analyzes tissues, secretions, and excretion of the human body

Question 2

Medical Technology (Ruth Heinemann)

Answer 2

“Laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases”

Question 3

Medical Technology (Anne Fagelson)

Answer 3

“Branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health”

Question 4

Medical Technology (Republic Act No.5527: The Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969)

Answer 4

“An auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine deals with the examinations of tissues, secretion, which will aid the physician in the diagnosis, study, and treatment ”

Question 5

Clinical Laboratory

Answer 5

• Facility that performs chemical and microscopic examinations of various body fluids
• Usually in the auxiliary department

Question 6

Inside the Clinical Laboratory are:

Answer 6

• Pathologist
• Medical Technologist
• Medical Technician

Question 7

Medical Technologist

Answer 7

• Medical detectives
• Measure substances in the blood and other body fluids
• Operate complex apparatus, instruments, and machines
• Use standards and controls to improve reliability and results
• Work under pressure with accuracy and precision
• Adhere to high ethical standards of performance
• Take care of the patient’s samples.
• Follows the procedures in the lab and does not do shortcuts

Question 8

Microscopy

Answer 8

Observe, identify and analyze organisms and cells causing infections and diseases

Question 9

Phlebotomist

Answer 9

Prepare slides for analysis and perform blood tests

Question 10

Quality Control Criteria

Answer 10

ACCURATE - correct
PRECISE - consistent
ACCURATE & PRECISE

Question 11

Hippocrates (400 B.C)

Answer 11

• Father of Medicine
• Described the “four humors” in man
• Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile

Question 12

Urinalysis (400 B.C)

Answer 12

Oldest laboratory procedure

Question 13

Hindu Physicians (600 B.C)

Answer 13

• Recorded the Diabetic urine & Polyuria in Diabetes

- Diabetic urine = attract ants (rich in glucose)

Question 14

Vivian Herrick (1500 B.C)

Answer 14

Identified Taenia and Ascaris, Fecal specimen

Question 15

Ebers Papyrus (1500 B.C)

Answer 15

• Oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of medical texts
• 110 pages in total
• Contains chapters on: contraception, pregnancy, skin and eye problems, surgery, burns , intestinal disease and parasites

Question 16

Jean Baptiste van Helmont (1577-1644)

Answer 16

Introduced the gravimetric analysis of urine using a number of 24-hour urine specimens

Question 17

Marcelo Malphigi (1628 - 1694)

Answer 17

• Founder of Pathology
• Greatest of the early microscopists
• Contributed to embryology and anatomy

Question 18

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632)

Answer 18

• Invented the single-lensed microscope

- First to described red blood cells, protozoa, and to classify bacteria according to shape

Question 19

Frederick Dekkers (1673)

Answer 19

Presented a test for the detection of protein based on boiling of specimen in the presence of acetic acid

Question 20

Rudolph Virchow (1847)

Answer 20

• German physician, anthropologist, politician and social reformer
• Founder of the field of cellular pathology
• He stressed that most of the diseases of mankind could be understood in terms of the dysfunction of cells.

Question 21

Hermann von Fehling (1848)

Answer 21

• Performed the first quantitative test for urine sugar
• Fehling’s solution is used as a chemical test to differentiate between water-soluble aldehyde and ketone functional groups, and as a test for monosaccharides
• It can be used to screen for glucose in the urine, thus detecting diabetes

Question 22

The Era of Public Health

Answer 22

19th Century

Question 23

John Snow (1854)

Answer 23

• Showed that cholera was waterborne and brought the situation under control
• He was a contributor in the manner of investigation in public health and epidemiology
• Decrease in mortality rate because of the utilization of drugs and preventative health care
• Suspected contamination in an area due to the water system/pump

Question 24

Louis Pasteur (1861)

Answer 24

Discovery of the concept of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

Question 25

Louis Pasteur (1881)

Answer 25

Discovery of vaccine against anthrax

Question 26

Hans Christian Joachim Gram (1884)

Answer 26

- Danish Physician - Further developed a method of staining bacteria - Devised his method that used Crystal Violet (Gentian Violet) as primary stain and iodine solution as a mordant followed by treatment with ethanol as decolorizer - Staining procedure left nuclei of eukaryotic cells in tissue samples unstained while cocci found in lungs of those who had succumbed to pneumonia were stained blue/violet. - Found that his stain worked for visualizing series of bacteria associated with disease such as the “cocci of suppurative arthritis following scarlet fever.”

Question 27

Paul Ehrlich (1884)

Answer 27

- Originally developed method of staining bacteria - Used aniline water and gentian violet (a cationic dye) to stain cells, and cell walls would appear purple after staining

Question 28

Dr. William H. Welch (1878, in US)

Answer 28

- Established a laboratory at Bellevue Hospital Medical College - First professor of Pathology at John Hopkins University (1885)

Question 29

Dr. William Osler (1896, in US)

Answer 29

- Opened the first clinical laboratory at John Hopkins Hospital - William Pepper Laboratory was opened at the University of Pennsylvania

Question 30

Dr. James C. Todd (1908, in US)

Answer 30

- Wrote “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” which became the standard reference of laboratories - Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods (red cover) (new title; authored by Todd-Sanford)

Question 31

Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists was organized

Answer 31

1921

Question 32

American Board of Pathology was organized

Answer 32

1936

Question 33

World War I

Answer 33

Produced a great demand for technicians

Question 34

University of Minnesota (1922-1923, in US)

Answer 34

- One of the first schools to establish trainings for workers in 1922 - First to offer degree program in 1923 - Important factor in the growth of clinical lab

Question 35

World War II

Answer 35

- “Closed system” of blood collection was adopted - Advanced instrumentation - Automated equipment - Quality control programs

Question 36

First Clinical Laboratory (09 January 1945, in PH)

Answer 36

- 26th Medical Infantry of the 6th U.S. Army - Located at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila - Known as Public Health Laboratory - Under manila health department - DOH

Question 37

Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Mariano Icasiano (01 October 1945, in PH)

Answer 37

Reopened as Manila Public Health Laboratory

Question 38

Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana (1947)

Answer 38

Offered training for high school and paramedical graduates

Question 39

Dr. Pio de Roda instructed Dr. Sta. Ana (with Dr. Briones) (1954, in PH)

Answer 39

- Six-month laboratory training was offered - The training program offered by Dr. Pio de Roda did not last long, for during the same year, the formal education of Medical Technology in the Philippines began - Started as a 3-year course only