10 Personality: Theory and Measurement

Question 1

The reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

Freud’s perspective, which emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior

Answer 2

Psychodynamic theory

Question 3

The psychic structure, present at birth, that represents psychological drives and is fully unconscious

Answer 3

Id

Question 4

The second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification

Answer 4

Ego

Question 5

The third psychic structure, which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior

Answer 5

Superego

Question 6

In psychodynamic theory, the process by which libidinal energy is expressed to different erogenous zones during different stages of development

Answer 6

Psychosexual development

Question 7

The first stage of psychosexual development, during which gratification is hypothesized to be attained primarily through oral activities

Answer 7

Oral stage

Question 8

The second stage of psychosexual development, when gratification is attained through anal activities

Answer 8

Anal stage

Question 9

The third stage of psychosexual development, characterized by a shift of libido to the phallic region

Answer 9

Phallic stage

Question 10

A conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as arrival in love

Answer 10

Oedipus complex

Question 11

A conflict of the phallic stage in which the girl belongs for her father and resents her mother

Answer 11

Electra complex

Question 12

A phase of psychosexual development characterized by repression of sexual impulses

Answer 12

Latency

Question 13

The mature stage of psychosexual development, characterized by preferred expression of libido through intercourse with an adult of the other gender

Answer 13

Genital stage

Question 14

Jung’s psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes

Answer 14

Analytical psychology

Question 15

Jung’s hypothesized store of vague memories that represent the history of humankind

Answer 15

Collective unconscious

Question 16

Feelings of inferiority hypothesized by Adler to serve as a central motivating force

Answer 16

Inferiority complex

Question 17

According to Adler, the self-aware aspect of personality that strives to achieve its full potential

Answer 17

Creative self

Question 18

Adler‘s psychoanalytic theory, which emphasize his feelings of inferiority and creative self

Answer 18

Individual psychology

Question 19

Erikson’s theory of personality and development, which emphasizes social relationships, and eight stages of growth

Answer 19

Psychosocial development

Question 20

A firm sense of who one is and what one stands for

Answer 20

Ego identity

Question 21

A relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior

Answer 21

Trait

Question 22

A trait characterized by intense imagination and the tendency to inhibit impulses

Answer 22

Introversion

Question 23

A trait characterized by tendencies to be socially outgoing and to express feelings and impulses freely

Answer 23

Extraversion

Question 25

A cognitively orientated learning theory in which observational learning in person, variables, such as values and expectancies, play major rules in individual differences

Answer 25

Social cognitive theory

Question 26

The view that people are capable of free choice, self fulfillment, and ethical behavior

Answer 26

Humanism

Question 27

The view that people are completely free and responsible for their own behavior

Answer 27

Existentialism

Question 28

The process by which male and females come to display behavior patterns, consistent with stereotypical masculine and feminine, gender roles

Answer 28

Gender-typing

Question 29

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one’s potential

Answer 29

Self-actualization

Question 30

A cognitive view of gender-typing that proposes that once girls and boys become aware of their atomic sex, they begin to blend their self-expectations and self-esteem with the ways in which they fit the gender roles prescribed in a given culture

Answer 30

Gender-schema theory

Question 31

A persistent expression of esteem for the value of a person, but not necessarily an unqualified acceptance of all of the person’s behaviors

Answer 31

Unconditional positive regard

Question 33

Judgment of another person‘s value on the basis of another acceptability of that person’s behaviors

Answer 33

Conditional positive regard

Question 34

Standards by which the value of a person is judged

Answer 34

Conditions of worth

Question 35

The view that focuses on the rulesof ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes

Answer 35

Sociocultural perspective

Question 36

People who define themselves in terms of personal traits and give priority to their own goals

Answer 36

Individualists

Question 37

People who define themselves in terms of relationships to other people in groups and give priority to group goals

Answer 37

Collectivists

Question 38

The process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making behavioral and attitudinal changes

Answer 38

Acculturation

Question 39

In psychological testing, the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

Answer 39

Validity

Question 40

In psychological testing, the consistency or stability of test scores as from one testing to another

Answer 40

Reliability

Question 41

In psychological testing, the process by which one obtains an organizes test scores from various population groups, so that the results of a person’s completing a test can be compared to those of others of the same gender, age group, and so on

Answer 41

Standardization

Question 42

Tests whose items must be an answered in a specified, limited manner; test, whose items have concrete answers that are considered correct

Answer 42

Objective test

Question 43

A psychological test that presents ambiguous stimuli onto which test-takers project their own personality in making a response

Answer 43

Projective test