9 The Voyage Through The Lifespan

Question 1

A fertilized ovum (egg cell)

Answer 1

Zygote

Question 2

A sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus

Answer 2

Amniotic sack

Question 3

A membrane that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child, but does not allow the maternal and fetal bloodstream to mix

Answer 3

Placenta

Question 4

A tube between the mother and her developing child through which nutrients and waste products are conducted

Answer 4

Umbilical cord

Question 5

A simple inborn response to a stimulus

Answer 5

Reflex

Question 6

The turning of an infants head towards a touch, such as by the mother‘s nipple

Answer 6

Rooting

Question 7

The amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus

Answer 7

Fixation time

Question 8

According to Piaget, the inclusion of a new event into an existing schema

Answer 8

Assimilation

Question 9

According to Piaget, a hypothetical mental structure that permits the classification and organization of new information

Answer 9

Schema

Question 10

According to Piaget, the modification of schema, so that information inconsistent with existing schema’s can be integrated or understood

Answer 10

Accommodation

Question 11

Recognition that objects removed from sight still exist, as demonstrated in young children by continued pursuit

Answer 11

Object permanence

Question 12

The first of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, characterized by coordination of sensory information and motor activity, early exploration of the environment, and a lack of language

Answer 12

Sensorimotor stage

Question 13

The second of Piaget’s stages, characterized by illogical use of words and symbols, spotty logic, and egocentrism

Answer 13

Preoperational stage

Question 14

According to Piaget, the assumption that others viewed the world as one does oneself

Answer 14

Egocentrism

Question 15

According to Piaget, recognition that basic properties of some substance, such as weight and mass remain the same when superficial features change

Answer 15

Conservation

Question 16

According to Piaget, the assignment of blame according to the amount of damage done rather than the motives of the actor

Answer 16

Objective responsibility

Question 17

Piaget’s third stage, characterized by logic thought concerning tangible objects, conservation, and subjective morality

Answer 17

Concrete operational stage

Question 18

Simultaneous focusing on more than one dimension of a problem, so that flexible, reversible thought becomes possible

Answer 18

Decentration

Question 19

According to Piaget, moral judgment that is based on the motives of the perpetrator

Answer 19

Subjective moral judgment

Question 20

Vygotsky’s term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, frequently an adult who represents the culture in which the child develops

Answer 20

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 21

Vygotsky’s term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help children learn to function independently

Answer 21

Scaffolding

Question 22

The period from conception to implantation, embryo begins to receive nourishment from its mother

Answer 22

Germinal stage

Question 23

Last from implantation until about the eighth week of development, the major body organ systems take form

Answer 23

Embryonic stage

Question 24

Last from the beginning of the third month until birth, major organ systems, fingers, and toes have developed, fetus starts to move limbs and open and shut its eyes

Answer 24

Fetal stage

Question 25

According to Kohlberg, evaluating importance of individual needs and personal conscience in regard to maintenance of social order

Answer 25

Preconventional level

Question 26

According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgments rarely reflect social conventions; a “law and order” approach to morality

Answer 26

Conventional level

Question 27

The enduring affectional tie that binds one person to another

Answer 27

Attachment

Question 28

A hypothesized primary drive to seek physical comfort through contact with another

Answer 28

Contact comfort

Question 29

A scientist who studies the characteristic behavior, patterns of species of animals

Answer 29

Ethnologist

Question 30

A period of time when it instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus

Answer 30

Critical period

Question 31

A process occurring during a critical period in the development of an organism, in which that organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify

Answer 31

Imprinting

Question 32

Parent who are strict and warm; demand mature behavior that use reason rather than force in discipline

Answer 32

Authoritative parents

Question 33

Parents who are rigid in their rules, and who demand obedience for the sake of obedience

Answer 33

Authoritarian parents

Question 34

Parents who impose few, if any, rules and do not supervise their children closely

Answer 34

Permissive parents

Question 35

Parents who generally leave their children to themselves

Answer 35

Uninvolved parents

Question 36

The period of life bounded by puberty and the assumption of adult responsibilities

Answer 36

Adolescence

Question 37

The period of physical development during which sexual reproduction first becomes possible

Answer 37

Puberty

Question 38

Characteristics that distinguish females from males, such as distribution of body hair and depth of voice, but not directly involved in reproduction

Answer 38

Secondary sex characteristics

Question 39

The beginning of menstruation

Answer 39

Menarche

Question 40

Piaget’s fourth stage, characterized by abstract, logical thought and deduction from principles

Answer 40

Formal operational stage

Question 41

An aspect of adolescent egocentrism; the belief that other people are as concerned with our thoughts and behaviors as we are

Answer 41

Imaginary audience

Question 42

Another aspect of adolescent egocentrism; the belief that our feelings and ideas are special and unique, and that we are invulnerable

Answer 42

Personal fable

Question 43

According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgments are deprived from moral principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards

Answer 43

Postconventional level

Question 44

Erikson’s term for a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for

Answer 44

Ego identity

Question 45

Erikson’s term for lack of clarity in one’s life roles (due to failure to develop ego identity)

Answer 45

Role diffusion

Question 46

Period of development, roughly spending the ages of 18–25, during which time many young people in affluent nations, attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create life plans

Answer 46

Emerging adulthood

Question 48

The cessation of menstruation

Answer 48

Menopause

Question 49

One’s lifetime of intellectual achievement, as shown largely through vocabulary and knowledge of world affairs

Answer 49

Crystallized intelligence

Question 50

Mental flexibility as shown in learning rapidly to solve new kinds of problems

Answer 50

Fluid intelligence

Question 51

The speed with which one can compare figures and symbols

Answer 51

Perceptual speed

Question 52

The ability to calculate numbers (as “ in one’s head”)

Answer 52

Numeric ability

Question 53

A progressive form of mental deterioration characterized by loss of memory, language, problem-solving, and other cognitive functions

Answer 53

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 54

A sense of depression and loss from purpose felt by some parents when the youngest child leaves to home

Answer 54

Empty-nest syndrome

Question 55

People in middle adulthood who were responsible for meeting the needs of their children yet also responsible for aging parents

Answer 55

Sandwich generation

Question 56

Reshaping of one’s life to concentrate on what one finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline possible cognitive impairment

Answer 56

Selective optimization with compensation