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Repro module - 4th year > 2012 module exam > Flashcards

2012 module exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the tanner stage?

A

Stage IV

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2
Q

A 42-year old woman presented with pelvic discomfort. On physical examination, the gynecologist discovered complete uterine prolapse. Which ligament provides direct support to the uterus?

§ Uterosacral ligament 
§ Round ligament of the uterus 
§ Broad ligament 
§ Arcus tendinous fascia pelvis 
§ Levator ani
A

§ Uterosacral ligament

Note: The uterosacral ligaments and the transverse cervical (cardinal) ligaments are the two main ligaments stabilizing the uterus. They help to inhibit the uterus from prolapsing into the vagina. The round ligament of the uterus is related to the descent of the ovaries in embryologic development and continues into the inguinal canal. This ligament is the remnant of the gubernaculum ovary. The broad ligament is the peritoneal covering over the uterine tubes, uterus, and vessels. The arcus tendineus fascia pelvis joins the muscle fascia of the levator ani to the pubocervical fascia on the vagina and is not directly associated with the uterus or its ligaments. The levator ani muscles contribute to the floor of the pelvis and support all of the pelvic viscera indirectly; it does not, however, prevent prolapse of the uterus into the vagina

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3
Q

What is a characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome?

  • Karyotype XXY
  • Female body habitus
A
  • Karyotype XXY
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4
Q

Which of the following is bounded laterally by the rami of the pubic bones, ischial tuberosities, and sacrotuberous ligaments?

§ Pelvic outlet
§ Pelvic inlet
§ Mixed pelvis
§ Platypelloid pelvis 
§ Gynecoid pelvis
§ Anthropoid pelvis 
§ Android pelvis
A

§ Pelvic outlet

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5
Q

Which of the following is has a transverse diameter =13 cm and anterioposterior diameter=11 cm?

§ Pelvic inlet
§ Pelvic outlet
§ Mixed pelvis
§ Platypelloid pelvis 
§ Gynecoid pelvis
§ Anthropoid pelvis 
§ Android pelvis
A

§ Pelvic inlet

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6
Q

Which of the following is diamond-shaped in two planes? § Pelvic outlet

§ Pelvic inlet
§ Mixed pelvis
§ Platypelloid pelvis 
§ Gynecoid pelvis
§ Anthropoid pelvis 
§ Android pelvis
A

§ Pelvic inlet

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7
Q

What originates from the ceolmic epithelium?

A

Sertoli cells

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8
Q

What originates from the paramesonephric duct?

A

Uterine tube

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9
Q

What structure does the uterus develop from?

A

Paramesonephric duct

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10
Q

A girl with primary amenorrhea and cyclic pelvic pain presented with imperforated hymen. What is the embryological cause?

§ Failure of sinovaginal bulb formation
§ Failure of vaginal plate to canalize

A

§ Failure of sinovaginal bulb formation

  • ”Incomplete vertical fusion (sinovaginal bulb with descending Mullerian system) results in imperforate hymen”
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11
Q

What is the arterial supply of the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

Internal pudendal artery

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12
Q

What innervates the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

Perineal branch of pudendal nerve

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13
Q

Pain afferents traveling from the body of the uterus in which of the following nerves?

A

Lumbar splanchnic nerves

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14
Q

During ligation of the ovarian artery, which structure is most likely to be injured?

A

Ureter

*Ligation of ovarian vessels or uterine artery may injure the ureter. Ligation of the
fallopian tube injures ovarian artery

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15
Q

After delivery of her 3rd child, a 41-year old woman presented with urinary incontinence. Which structure is most likely injured?

§ Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia
§ Tendinous arch of levator ani
§ Pelvic diaphragm
§ Perineal membrnae

A

§ Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia

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16
Q

What moves along the path in the abdomen formed by the gubernaculum?

A

Processus vaginalis

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17
Q

What is lymphatic drainage of the prostate gland?

A

Internal iliac lymph nodes

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18
Q

A woman presents with ascites and the doctor want to drain the fluid through the vagina. To where should he insert the needle?

A

Rectouterine pouch

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19
Q

A 32-year old woman presented with primary infertility. Endometrial biopsy showed tortuous endometrial glands and subnuclear vacuolization. What describes her endometrium?

A

Early secretory endometrium

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20
Q

A 40-year old woman presented with dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia. On an ultrasound, she had an enlarged asymmetrical mass in her uterus. On further investigation, it was found that the endometrium invaded the myometrium. What does she have?

A

Adenomyosis

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21
Q

Endometrial glands and stroma seen in a biopsy of the cul-de-sac of Douglas. Diagnose.

A

Endometriosis

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22
Q

An increase in pulsatile secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus accompanied by an increase in LH and FSH describes which of the following?

A

A 12-year old child

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23
Q

Which of the following best describes a woman with a 28-day cycle with a menstruation of 1-2 days with scanty bleeding?

A

Hypomenorrhea

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24
Q

Which of the following store sperm for maturation?

§ Testes
§ Seminal vesicle 
§ Prostate
§ Epididymis
§ Vas deferens
A

§ Epididymis

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25
Q

The secretions of what is important for sperm maturation?

A

Seminal vesicle

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26
Q

What is the normal volume of blood in a normal period?

A

20-80 ml

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27
Q

Which of the following represents hormone levels during menopause?

§ High FSH, low estradiol, low inhibin, low AMH
§ High FSH, low estradiol, low inhibin, high AMH

A

§ High FSH, low estradiol, low inhibin, low AMH

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28
Q

How to diagnose a woman with secondary amenorrhea for 14 months with hot flashes?

§ Low serum estradiol
§ Low serum estradiol, high FSH

A

§ Low serum estradiol, high FSH

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29
Q

Which phase of the sexual response cycle is characterized by involuntary muscle contraction, sudden, forceful release of sexual tension, and a sexual flush appearing over the entire body?

§ Excitement
§ Plateau
§ Recovery
§ Orgasm

A

§ Orgasm

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30
Q

What is a risk factor for endometrial cancer?

§ Clomiphene treatment for 6 months
§ PCOS being treated with combined contraceptives
§ Woman with BMI=22
§ Woman with induced labor at 42 weeks

A

§ Clomiphene treatment for 6 months

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31
Q

What assists in thermoregulation?

§ Bulbospongiosus
§ Dartos muscle

A

§ Dartos muscle

*Contraction of bulbospongiosus is to empty urethra from residual urine or semen. Dartos and cremaseter muscle both assist in thermoregulation. Pampiriform plexus also acts as a cooling mechanism.

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32
Q

What forces blood from the crura to the distal parts of the penis to increase distention of the penis during erection?

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

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33
Q

What characterizes the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

§ It is under the effect of estrogen
§ Occur after ovulation
§ Stroma is edematous

A

§ It is under the effect of estrogen

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34
Q

What is responsible for the increase in temperature in scrotum and sperm mortality?

A

Varicocele

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35
Q

Most folded mucosal lining is located in which part of the uterine tubes?

§ Fimbria
§ Ampulla
§ Infundibulum
§ Isthmus

A

§ Infundibulum

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36
Q

A pregnant lady gave birth and she had high-grade fever, abdominal pain, and foul- smelling vaginal discharge. What is the cause?

§ Retained products of conception
§ Candida infection
§ Trichomonas vaginalis infection

A

§ Retained products of conception

*This patient has postpartum endometritis which can be due to Gardnerella vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis but also due to retained products of conception (most common cause of chronic endometritis)

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37
Q

What is true regarding lactogenesis?

A

Exocytosis is responsible for secretion of lactose, protein, and water

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38
Q

A 25-year old female who’s G4 P(2 + 0 + 2 +2) and who was using IUCD presented with fever, low abdominal pain, and an offensive purulent vaginal discharge. Diagnose.

§ PID Group B Streptococcus
§ PID C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhea
§ PID Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis 
§ Uterine fibroids
§ Endometriosis
A

§ PID C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhea

39
Q

During palpation of a pregnant women’s abdomen, the fetal head was felt in the right hypochondrium and his buttocks in the left iliac fossa. What describes his position?

§ Diagonal lie 
§ Unstable lie 
§ Vertical lie
§ Oblique lie  
§ Horizontal lie
A

Oblique lie

40
Q

Calculate the estimated date of delivery if the last menstrual period was on 10 – 1 – 2016 (Days – months –years).

A

17–10–2016

41
Q

A woman delivered for the 2nd time 3 days ago. Both deliveries happened at 34 weeks of gestation and resulted in live infants. What describes her status?

A

G2P(0+2+0+2)

42
Q

A woman delivered 3 days ago in 38 weeks of gestation. She used IVF after 5 years of infertility and gave birth to twins (boy and girl). What describes her status?

A

G1P(1+0+0+2)

43
Q

A pregnant woman is brought to the emergency in preterm labor at 32 weeks of gestation. What can be administered to decrease the myometrial contractions?

A

Β2 agonists

44
Q

Who is at increased risk of delivery a baby above weight?

§ 20-year-old woman with well-controlled diabetes
§ 30-year old woman in labor that is preterm at 36 weeks
§ 20-year old woman who has gained 10 Kgs during pregnancy
§ 30-year old woman with BMI=22
§ 30-year-old woman who came to induce labor at 42 weeks of gestation

A

§ 30-year-old woman who came to induce labor at 42 weeks of gestation

45
Q

A cohort study is conducted among renal disease patients and the adjusted relative hazard of death [95% CI] associated with adequate physical activity (compared to physically inactive) is .55 [.28 - .98] and p=.04. Assuming the study is not biased, asses the effect size (magnitude of association) and if the sample is sufficient.

§ Moderate affect size, sufficient sample
§ Large affect size, sufficient sample
§ Large affect size, insufficient sample

A

§ Moderate affect size, sufficient sample

46
Q

What measure of association is used for cohort study?

§ Cumulative incidence
§ Relative risk

A

§ Relative risk

47
Q

What descriptive analysis is used for time-to-event data?

A

Kaplan-Meier curve

48
Q

A woman had a child with cleft palate. She claimed that she had taken amoxicillin prior to being pregnant. What would you tell her to disprove the causal relationship between amoxicillin and the cleft palate?

§ IV amoxicillin is only teratogenic
§ She took the drug before the “all or none” phase of pregnancy
§ More than 7 days of amoxicillin is teratogenic
§ The dosage of amoxicillin was below threshold

A

§ She took the drug before the “all or none” phase of pregnancy

49
Q

Where would the fetal heart sounds be heard best?

§ Anterior shoulder
§ Posterior shoulder

A

§ Anterior shoulder

50
Q

Which age represents a female with atrophic endometrium due to low estrogen secretion?

A

Menopause

51
Q

The secretions of which of the following will cause masculinization of the external genitalia?

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig

52
Q

A patient presented with superficial, painful, and tender ulcers preceded by vesicles. Diagnose.

A

Genital herpes

53
Q

What is the most common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis?

A

Chlamydia

54
Q

A pregnant lady at 28th week of gestation suffers from thirst and ultrasound showed a big baby with increased amniotic fluid. What does she have?

A

Gestational diabetes

55
Q

What is the embryological origin of the somites?

§ Anterior neuropore
§ Posterior neuropore
§ Primitive streak
§ Mesoderm

A

§ Mesoderm

56
Q

What causes the cranial caudal polarity of the cell?

§ Paraxial mesoderm
§ Primitive streak
§ Anterior neuropore
§ Posterior neuropore

A

§ Primitive streak

57
Q

A 20-year old female G3 P(0 + 0 + 3 + 0), who is sexually active with her husband only, seeks advice for the ideal contraceptive. Which method of contraception she should use?

§ Copper intrauterine contraceptive device 
§ Diaphragm
§ Condom
§ Rhythmic ovarian monitoring
§ Cervical cap and spermicide
A

§ Copper intrauterine contraceptive device

58
Q

What is true regarding a pregnant woman during the first half of pregnancy?

A

Increased lipogenesis

59
Q

Through which method are amino acids transported from the mother to the fetus?

§ Active transport
§ Facilitated diffusion

A

§ Active transport

60
Q

A solitary lesion in the principal lactiferous duct causing serosanguineous nipple secretions. Diagnose

§ Small duct papilloma
§ Ductal carcinoma
§ Large duct papilloma

A

§ Large duct papilloma

*Confirmed by Dr. Das

61
Q

A woman with breast cancer has metastasis to the vertebral spines. What could be the route of transmission?

§ Cephalic veins
§ Intercostal veins
§ Thoracodorsal veins
§ Axillary veins

A

§ Intercostal veins

62
Q

Section from the endometrium showed necrosis associated with synctiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts. What will be increased?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

*This patient has choriocarcinoma

63
Q

What is thelarche?

A

Development of breast tissue

64
Q

Which cells invade the placenta and engulf the vessels?

§ Intermediate trophoblasts
§ Synctiotrophoblasts
§ Cytotrophoblasts

A

§ Intermediate trophoblasts

65
Q

What is the most important factor for prognosis of breast cancer?

§ Hormonal receptor
§ Lymph node metastasis

A

§ Lymph node metastasis

66
Q

Breast cancer with which of the following will respond to herceptin?

A

HER2/neu gene amplification

*Trastuzumab (INN; trade names Herclon, Herceptin) is a monoclonal antibody that interferes with the HER2/neu receptor. It can be an effective treatment both before and after surgery for people with HER2-positive breast cancer.

67
Q

What best describes the mammillary glands?

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands

68
Q

Which hormone repels the immune cell of the mother in the first trimester?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

69
Q

What is the correct order of implantation stages?

A

Apposition → adhesion → invasion

70
Q

What leads to inadequate milk production?

§ Inadequate mother nursing
§ Inappropriate breastfeeding technique (latching)

A

§ Inadequate mother nursing

*Poor latching results in poor milk EXTRACTION, and of course inhibitors of lactation will accumulate with time (if she doesn’t manually extract the milk) and hence decrease milk production. However, the doctor wrote “insufficient nursing results in inadequate milk production” since Sheehan syndrome can result in decreased prolactin and decreased milk PRODUCTION

71
Q

Major portion of the lymphatic drainage will eventually drain into which group of lymph nodes?

§ Central axillary lymph nodes
§ Deep cervical lymph nodes

A

§ Deep cervical lymph nodes

  • “Glandular lymphatics drain into axillary (pectoral) nodes → central axillary nodes → apical nodes → deep cervical nodes → subclavicular (subclavian) nodes”. “Apical (through which all the other axillary nodes drain) at the apex of the axilla….”
72
Q

Thoracodorsal nerve is injured during the resection of which lymph nodes?

A

Subscapular lymph nodes

73
Q

What describes ductal carcinoma in situ with involvement of malignant cells in epidermis?

A

Paget’s disease

74
Q

What is responsible for glucosuria in pregnancy?

A

Decreased threshold for glucose absorption

75
Q

What causes decrease in blood pressure in the first trimester?

A

Decreased peripheral vascular resistance

76
Q

What is the pathophysiology in fibrocystic changes?

§ Hormonal imbalance in estrogen
§ Hormonal imbalance in progesterone

A

§ Hormonal imbalance in estrogen

77
Q

Antibodies against what are found in pre-eclampsia?

§ Endoglin
§ Angiotensin I receptor
§ Nitric oxide synthase

A

§ Angiotensin I receptor

78
Q

Expression of what is regulated by LXR/RXR dimer?

A

Endoglin

79
Q

What impairs the binding of TGF-β1 to its receptor?

A

Soluble endoglin

80
Q

What prevents normal vascular endothelial growth factor to attach to its receptor?

A

sFLT-1

81
Q

Which mediator of pre-eclampsia can be safely removed by aphaeresis in a pregnant woman to abolish hypertension and proteinuria?

A

sFLT-1

82
Q

What facilitates oxygen diffusion through placenta from mother to fetus despite fetal tissue pO2=30 mmHg?

A

Fetal hemoglobin shifts oxygen dissociation curve to the left

83
Q

Which of the following describe a neoplastic cyst?

§ Corpus luteal
§ Follicular
§ Endometriod
§ Invasive

A

§ Invasive

84
Q

An obese, hypertensive, and diabetic woman with an endometrial mass. Biopsy showed PTEN mutation. What does she have?

§ Serous carcinoma
§ Endometrial carcinoma
§ Clear cell carcinoma

A

§ Endometrial carcinoma

*This patient has type I endometrial carcinoma which is estrogen-dependent and occur in young and obese nulliparous women with PTEN and KRAS mutation. Serous and clear cell carcinoma occur in type II endometrial carcinoma which is non-estrogen dependent and occurs in thin multiparous women with p53 mutation.

85
Q

What is a late consequence of menopause?

§ Bone loss
§ Memory impairment

A

§ Bone loss

86
Q

A female with a high-grade squamous intraepithelial (HSIL) lesion is at risk of developing what?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

87
Q

Ovarian cancer metastasis is first detected in this lymph node?

A

Lumbar lymph nodes

88
Q

A woman who had previous cervicitis presented with pain in the abdomen. She also had fever and ascites. What is the cause?

§ Blocked fallopian tubes § Adnexal mass

A

§ Blocked fallopian tubes

89
Q

A biopsy near to adenocarcinoma revealed a mild nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism, and epithelial hyperplasia. Diagnose.

A

Intraepithelial prostate neoplasia

90
Q

A male presents with low testosterone, FSH, and LH. Diagnose.

A

Kallman syndrome

91
Q

Intrauterine insemination is highly recommended in which case of male infertility?

  • Mumps orchitis
  • Klinefelter 47 XXY
  • Spinal cord injury
  • 5α-reductase
A

?

92
Q

Which lifestyle modification has proven to improve fertility in women?

  • Smoking cessation
  • Heavy anaerobic exercise

  • Low calorie diet (<800)

  • Avoidance of hormonal contraceptives

  • Coitus every other day throughout menstrual cycle
A

?

93
Q

A 65-year old man with stony hard prostate on rectal examination with PSA of 20 ng/ml. Diagnose

  • Prostate cancer

  • Prostate hyperplasia
A

?

Repro module - 4th year (18 decks)

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