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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

The central nervous system

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2
Q

what is included in the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the PNS?

A

The peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

what is included in the PNS?

A

everything outside of the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What are sensory neurons/nerve cells?

A

cells that gather information and sends that information to the brain

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6
Q

what are motor neurons?

A

neurons that tell the body what to do

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7
Q

what do somatic sensory neurons do?

A

feel for pain and pressure

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8
Q

what do visceral sensory neurons do?

A

they monitor homeostasis in the body

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9
Q

what do visceral sensory neurons monitor in the body?

A

temperature….heart rate…blood pressure…digestion

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10
Q

What do somatic motor neurons do?

A

they control the body

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11
Q

what is an example of a somatic motor neuron?

A

skeletal muscles

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12
Q

what do visceral motor neurons do?

A

release hormones…..make organs function

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13
Q

what is another name for visceral motor neurons?

A

autonomic neurons

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14
Q

what are the parts of the neuron?

A

dendrites, soma, axon, synapse

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15
Q

what do dendrites do?

A

collect electrical signals

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16
Q

what does the soma do?

A

houses the nucleus and holds a negative charge

releases action potential when triggered

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17
Q

what does the axon do?

A

carriers the electrical signal from neuron to neuron

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18
Q

what does the synapse do?

A

converts electrical signals to chemicals

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19
Q

why does the synapse convert electrical signals to chemical signals?

A

to determine the intensity to use

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20
Q

what is the axon hillock?

A

houses the voltage-gated channel that releases action potential to the axon

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21
Q

what are myelinated axons?

A

axons that have Schwan cells that speed up signal conduction in the axon

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22
Q

what are nonmyelinated axons?

A

axons that a little slower at moving the action potential

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23
Q

why are myelinated axons faster than nonmyelinated axons?

A

because myelinated have less sodium channels to open

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24
Q

what are the neuroglial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwan and satellite cells

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25
Q

what do satellite cells do?

A

provide nutrients to the neuron and protects

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26
Q

what are the neuroglial cells of the CNS?

A

astrocyte, oligodendrocytes, microglial, ependyma

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27
Q

what are the two kinds of myelinated neuroglial cells found in the CNS and PNS

A

in the PNS Schwan Cells and in the CNS Oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

form a blood-brain barrier and act as a filter for the cerebral spinal fluid

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29
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

speed up signal in the CNS

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30
Q

what do microglial cells do?

A

clean up dead cell and byproducts

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31
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

circulate cerebral spinal fluid

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32
Q

what does resting membrane potential mean?

A

the charge that is found at rest…always negative

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33
Q

what does threshold mean

A

the charge that must be met by local potential to initiate action potential in the axon

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34
Q

what does depolarization mean?

A

this is when the charge in the axon goes from negative to positive

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35
Q

what does repolarization mean?

A

when the charge of the axon goes from positive to ne

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36
Q

what is hyperpolarization

A

when the charge becomes too negative

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37
Q

what happens to the threshold when you are hypercalcemic?

A

it raises the threshold

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38
Q

what happens to the threshold when you are hypocalcemic?

A

it lowers the threshold

39
Q

what are the two kinds of local potentials?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

40
Q

what charge are excitatory signals?

A

positive

41
Q

what charge are the inhibitory signals?

A

negative

42
Q

what happens to the RMP when you are hypokalemia?

A

lowers RMP

43
Q

what happens to RMP when you are hyperkalemia?

A

raises RMP

44
Q

what does calcium affect RMP or threshold?

A

threshold

45
Q

what does Potassium affect RMP or threshold?

A

RMP

46
Q

what are the three meninges in order from superficial and going deep?

A

Duramater….arachnoidmater….Piamater

47
Q

where is CSF found?

A

between the arachnoid mater and the piameter in the subarachnoid space

48
Q

where is meningitis found?

A

inflammation of the subarachnoid space

49
Q

what is the purpose of the duramater?

A

provide protection to the brain

50
Q

what is the purpsoe of the arachnoidmater?

A

creates space for CSF to flow

51
Q

what is the purpose of the piamater?

A

directly attaches to the brains surface and keeps CSF out of the brain

52
Q

what matter is on the inside of the brain?

A

white matter

53
Q

what matter is on the outside of the brain?

A

gray

54
Q

what matter is on the inside of the spine?

A

gray

55
Q

what matter is on the outside of the spine?

A

white

56
Q

what is white matter composed of?

A

axons…..send signals

57
Q

what is gray matter composed of?

A

cell bodies that receive signals

58
Q

what are the dips in the brain called?

A

sulcus

59
Q

what are the bumps on the brain called?

A

gyrus

60
Q

what is the purpose for the brain being bumpy?

A

allows for more surface area

61
Q

what are projection fibers?

A

fibers that send signals from spinal cord to brain

62
Q

what are the association fibers?

A

they send signals within one side of the hemisphere

63
Q

what are commissural fibers?

A

send signals from one hemisphere to the other

64
Q

what is the frontal lobe used for?

A

personality….judgement….logic…….motor function….eye movement…brocas area

65
Q

what are the two parts neccesary for motor function in the brain?

A

premotor cortex

primary motorcortex

66
Q

what does the premotorcortex do?

A

it determines what muscles to move and how many fibers

67
Q

what does the primary motorcortex do?

A

tells the body

68
Q

what happens if the brocas area is damaged?

A

you get aphasia which causes slow or impaired speech….no change in comprehension

69
Q

what does the parietal lobe do?

A

sensing things…contains association area and sensory area

70
Q

what does the association area of the parietal lobe do?

A

gets senses from the primary sensory and figues out what those senses mean

71
Q

what is the primary sensory area of the parietal lobe do?

A

it gets signals from the outside world

72
Q

what are the two syndromes you get from damage to the parietal lobe?

A

CL neglect

73
Q

what is CL neglect?

A

when you ignore half of your senses on your body

74
Q

what happens if you damage wernekies area?

A

you get aphasia that is incomprehensible words…word salad

75
Q

what is the purpose of the occipital lobe?

A

the visual areal

76
Q

what happens if you damage the occipital lobe?

A

illusions…hallucinations…blurred vision

77
Q

what does the temporal lobe do?

A

hearing

memory….faces..objects

78
Q

what is it called when you can not remember faces?

A

prosopagnosia

79
Q

what is it called when you can not remember objects?

A

agnosia

80
Q

what are the three parts of the limbic system

A

amygdala….hippocampus…basal nuclei

81
Q

what does the amygdala do?

A

gratification….what we dont like

82
Q

what does the hippocampus do?

A

memory

83
Q

what happens if you damage the hippocampus?

A

you get amnesia

84
Q

what are the two kinds of amnesia

A

intrograde and retrograd amnesia

85
Q

what doe retrograde amensia mean?

A

past memories are gone

86
Q

what deos intrograde amnesia mena?

A

you cant remember new things

87
Q

what does basal nuclei do?

A

start and stops movement

88
Q

what are the two parts of the diancephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

89
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

sorts information into the cortex

90
Q

what does the hypothalamus?`

A

controls endocrine system…hunger and thirst

91
Q

what are the parts of the brain stem?

A

midbrian, pons, medulla oblangoda

92
Q

what does the midbrain do?

A

startle reflex

93
Q

what does the pons do?

A

sleep and wake cycle…circadian rhythm

94
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do?

A

cardiovascular control…sensory imput except for smell

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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