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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are voluntary muscles?

A

muscles that you can control yourself

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2
Q

What are some examples of voluntary muscles?

A

skeletal muscles

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3
Q

what are involuntary muscles?

A

muscles that you can not control

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4
Q

what are some examples of involuntary muscles?

A

smooth muscles found in organs and cardiac muscles found in the heart

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5
Q

what are the two parts of skeletal muscles?

A

striations and nucleus

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6
Q

what is the one part of smooth muscles?

A

nucleus

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7
Q

what are the three parts of cardiac muscles?

A

striations, intercalated discs, nucleus

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8
Q

what do intercalated discs do?

A

they allow electrical signals to pass through the cells allowing synchronized contraction

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9
Q

what does contractible mean when referring to muscles?

A

the muscle can shorten and lengthen

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10
Q

what does elastic mean when referring to muscles?

A

can stretch out and return to regular shape

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11
Q

what does extensible mean when referring to muscles?

A

can lengthen without tearing

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12
Q

what does excitable mean when referring to muscles?

A

can be contracted with electricity

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13
Q

what do muscles do for the human body?

A

movement, stability, glycemic control, thermoregulation, control of body opening and passages

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14
Q

what allows muscles to move the body parts?

A

muscles span joints….for example bicep spans the elbow joint..quad spans the knee

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15
Q

how do muscles shorten?

A

by bringing fiber closer together

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16
Q

do muscles pull or push?

A

pull

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17
Q

what are agonist muscles?

A

move muscles out of anatomical position

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18
Q

what are antagonist muscles?

A

move muscles into anatomical position

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19
Q

name all the structure of the muscles.

A

Muscle belly, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofilaments

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20
Q

what are the two kinds of myofilaments?

A

myosin filaments and actin filaments

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21
Q

what makes up the two different filaments?

A

protein

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22
Q

what is the thick filament?

A

myosin filament

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23
Q

what is the thin filament?

A

actin filament

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24
Q

what are the structure of myosin/thick filament?

A

composed of thick protein strand and myosin hairs

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25
Q

what are the myosin hairs composed of?

A

the tail, hinge, neck, and two heads

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26
Q

what are the parts to actin/thin filament?

A

actin, actin site, troponin, and tropomyosin

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27
Q

what is a sarcomere?

A

the actin and myosin filament structure

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28
Q

what structure caused muscles to contract?

A

the sarcomere

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29
Q

what are ligand-gated protein channels?

A

found in the synaptic cleft and open when the neurotransmitter ACH bonds to them

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30
Q

what are voltage-gated protein channels?

A

open when the voltage charge around them changes

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31
Q

what is the charge of the body?

A

negative

32
Q

what does the Transverse Tubule/ T Tubule do?

A

passes electrical signals for opening protein channels

33
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A

store calcium that is needed for contraction

34
Q

what is a regulatory protein that regulates active site availability?

A

troponin

35
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction?

A

where the synapse and synaptic cleft meet

36
Q

what does botox do?

A

inhibits ACH from being released into the synaptic cleft causing you to not be able to contract the muscle

37
Q

what is ACH?

A

a neurotransmitter that is released by the synapse that opens the ligand-gated protein channels

38
Q

what is ACHE?

A

a neurotransmitter that takes away ACH at the synaptic cleft so that the ligand-gated protein channels can close and allow the muscle to relax

39
Q

how does nerve gas work?

A

it inhibits ACHE so that makes it to were you are stuck in contraction

40
Q

how does Rigor Mortis work?

A

the SR can no longer hold back the calcium….which causes the body to become stiff

41
Q

what is muscle atrophy?

A

breaking down of muscle due to not using it

42
Q

what structures are affected in muscle atrophy?

A

the number of myofibrils in each muscle cell decreases

43
Q

what happens to people’s muscles that are into endurance training?

A

the number of blood vessels increases….number of mitochondria increases…oxidative enzymes increases

44
Q

what happens to people’s muscles that are into strength training?

A

increase in the number of myofibrils….increase in the diameter of myofibrils and muscle fiber

45
Q

what happens to muscles when they experience disuse?

A

decrease in oxidative enzymes…decrease in the number of mitochondria….decrease in the diameter of myofibrils

46
Q

what is another name for type 1 muscles?

A

slow-twitch

47
Q

what is another name for type 2 muscles?

A

fast-twitch

48
Q

what are type 1/slow twitch muscles used for?

A

aerobic exercise, muscle endurance, moderate weight, 12-20 reps, 30-50% of 1rm, made to last long period

49
Q

what are type 2 /fast-twitch muscles used for?

A

anaerobic, muscle strength, heavyweight, 3-5 reps, 80%+ of 1rm, made for a short burst

50
Q

what is a sport that you would have to have good type 2 /fast-twitch muscles?

A

weightlifters and sprinters

51
Q

what is a sport that you would have to have good type 1 /slow-twitch muscles?

A

marathons, cyclist, soccer

52
Q

can the body go through respiration without oxygen?

A

yes

53
Q

what is the respiration called that does not have oxygen?

A

anaerobic respiration

54
Q

what is the respiration called that have glucose and oxygen?

A

aerobic respiration

55
Q

what type of respiration does the body prefer?

A

aerobic respiration

56
Q

what type of respiration includes the burn in the muscles from lifting weight?

A

anaerobic respiration

57
Q

what causes the burn in the muscles during anaerobic respiration?

A

the build-up of lactic acid

58
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

break down of glucose to make energy

59
Q

what does lactic acid do?

A

breaks down sugars

60
Q

what is DOMS?

A

delayed onset muscles soreness

61
Q

what causes DOMS?

A

small tears in the muscle fibers

62
Q

what is a common misconception that people have about lactic acid?

A

that it causes muscle soreness

63
Q

what is recruitment?

A

using multiple motor units to create power

64
Q

what is the order from spine to muscle fiber when talking about nerves?

A

spine…nerve…axon motor neuron…neuromuscular junction

65
Q

are motor units composed of multiple muscle fibers?

A

yes

66
Q

can the axon motor neuron be connected to multiple muscle fibers?

A

yes

67
Q

what are some things that can cause muscle fatigue?

A

depletion, decreased oxygen, interference, and envioroment

68
Q

what is depletion when referring to muscle fatigue?

A

running out of energy

69
Q

what is decreased oxygen when referring to muscle fatigue?

A

breathing heavily

70
Q

what is interference when referring to muscle fatigue?

A

when things get in the way of moving nutrients….for example waste

71
Q

what is the envioroment when referring to muscle fatigue?

A

when it gets too hot or too cold

72
Q

where are the dendrites?

A

on the ends of neuron

73
Q

what is the purpose of the dendrites?

A

collect electrical signals

74
Q

what is the purpose of the axon?

A

move electrical signals between end of neurons

75
Q

what is the synapse?

A

converts electrical signals to chemical aka neurotransmitters

76
Q

what is included in the central nervous system?

A

brain and spine

77
Q

what is included in the peripheral nervous system?

A

nerves that branch off the spine

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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