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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the scientific method so important?

A

it minimizes biases and helps create reliable data

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2
Q

what is a experimental group?

A

the item that has what the researchers are studying

in the chip study it was the olestra chips that were the experimental group

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3
Q

what is a control group?

A

the item in the study that does not recieve any manipulation….used to compare to the experimental group

in the chip study it was the chips that did not have olestra

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4
Q

when does a theory develop?

A

a theory is created when the tests results can be repeated by other in other places and the same results occur

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5
Q

what is natural selection?

A

the process of the most fit to survive in an environment live on to pass on their genes

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6
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

when a bacteria can survive being exposed to a antibiotic

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7
Q

how does antibiotic resistance occur?

A

when people do not take their antibiotics as prescribed………bacteria develop over time

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8
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

when there is balance in the body…..examples of homeostasis are temperature, pH, blood sugar, fluid balance, blood pressure

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9
Q

what are the ranges for pH?

A

1-14

1 being acidic and 14 being basic

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10
Q

what is the blood pH range for humans?

A

7.34 to 7.38

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11
Q

what is considered a neutral pH?

A

7

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12
Q

what is the range of osmolarity in the blood

A

290-300

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13
Q

what is the range for body temp?

A

97-100

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14
Q

what is the purpose of a feedback loop?

A

helps body maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

what is a negative feedback loop?

A

a feedback loop that reduces stimulus

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16
Q

how does a feedback loop work?

A

you start with a stimulus….the stimulus is sensed by a receptor….that causes hormones to turn on…the hormones then make you have a response.

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17
Q

what is a positive feedback loop?

A

a feedback loop that increases a stimulus

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18
Q

give examples of negative feedback loop.

A

shivering when cold….sweating when hot…blood sugar regulation

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19
Q

give examples of positive feedback loop.

A

when giving birth stretching of the uterus allows baby to exit…..blood clotting when you get a cut…..lactation that continues when baby is breast feeding.

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20
Q

do positive feedback loop stop automatically?

A

no they are self limiting

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21
Q

what is an atom?

A

the smallest unit of life…can not be broke down anymore

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22
Q

how do compounds form?

A

through connection of bonds

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23
Q

what does a buffer do?

A

it helps maintain the appropriate pH level

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24
Q

what is the multiplication factor between numbers on the pH scale?

A

x10

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25
Q

when speaking about pH what does the cell get more of as the number increases?

A

more OH…More basic

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26
Q

when speaking about pH what does the cell get more of as the number decreases?

A

more H+ or more acidic

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27
Q

what is considered Acidosis?

A

blood pH below 7.34

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28
Q

what is considered Alkalosis?

A

blood pH above 7.38

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29
Q

what way does the equation go if the body get too much H+ or too acidic?

A

to the left

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30
Q

what way does the equation go if the body get too much OH or too basic?

A

to the right

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31
Q

what does the body do if you get too much acid in your system?

A

your body turn it into bicarbonate….then carbonic acid….then into carbon dioxide to be breathed our from the body…which raises your pH

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32
Q

what is carbonic acid?

A

an acid that is used in converting bases into H+ to lower pH and Acids into carbon dioxide to raise pH

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33
Q

What does your body do when it get too much base?

A

it turns that into carbonic acid….then into bicarbonate….then into H+ which would lower your pH

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34
Q

what is adhesion in a liquid?

A

happens when a liquid sticks to a surface….can be on a leaf or a graduated cylinder

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35
Q

what is capillary action?

A

when water is pulled up in a graduated cylinder

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36
Q

what is cohesion in a liquid?

A

it is what holds water molecules together….this is why water can create a bubble on a surface

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37
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

they are what creates a cell membrane

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38
Q

what are the two parts of phospholipids?

A

head and tails

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39
Q

are the heads hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

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40
Q

are the tails hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic

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41
Q

what does hydrophilic mean?

A

means that it interacts with water

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42
Q

what does hydrophobic mean?

A

it does not interact with water?

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43
Q

why do we want hydrophobic tails on our phospholipids?

A

to keep liquid in between the phospholipid membranes

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44
Q

are the heads of phospholipids polar or non polar?

A

polar

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45
Q

are the tails of phospholipids polar or non polar?

A

non polar

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46
Q

do polar or non polar things enter between phospholipids?

A

non polar items

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47
Q

where do polar things enter the cell?

A

through the protein channel

48
Q

what does selective permeability mean when referencing phospholipids?

A

it means that the phospholipids only let certain things enter through them

49
Q

what happens if an item is too big to enter phospholipids and the protein channel?

A

the phospholipids capture the item using phagocytosis

50
Q

what happens in phagocytosis?

A

the phospholipids make an indentation in the membrane….bring the item closer….enclose the item in phospholipids and bring it into the cell

51
Q

what is in-between the double layer of phospholipids?

A

water

52
Q

how does water stay in between the phospholipids and not escape the cell?

A

the tails are hydrophobic and will not allow the water to pass through them

53
Q

what is extracellular fluid?

A

the fluid outside the cell

54
Q

what is the abbreviation for extracellular fluid?

A

ECF

55
Q

what is intracellular fluid?

A

the fluid inside the cell

56
Q

what is the abbreviation for intracellular fluid?

A

ICF

57
Q

what is Interstitial fluid?

A

fluid that is between the cells

58
Q

what is the abbreviation for interstitial fluid?

A

ISF

59
Q

What is the difference between ISF(interstitial fluid) and ECF(extracellular fluid)?

A

ISF(interstitial fluid) is a part of ECF(extracellular fluid)

60
Q

What are the two parts of ECF(extracellular fluid)?

A

ISF(interstitial fluid) and blood plasma

61
Q

what is specific heat?

A

the amount of heat required to raises 1 g of a substance 1 degree Celsius

62
Q

why does water have a high specific heat?

A

it has the highest specific heat of any liquid because it has hydrogen bonds

63
Q

what advantages does having water in blood bring?

A

most of our body is made of water which means that because it has a high specific heat it does not heat up quick…. it takes a lot of heat to raise our core temp

64
Q

what does water do for the body?

A

Makes up majority of body, cushions/protects lubricates joints and tissues, more dense than tissues, helps brain float, and is a solvent

65
Q

what is transport?

A

movement of molecules through a membrane…could include glucose….sodium….potassium

66
Q

what is osmosis?

A

when only water moves from a concentrated area to a less concentrated are

67
Q

what is diffusion?

A

both solute (water) and solvent(protein, fats, carbs, salt) particles move

68
Q

what is the point of osmosis and diffusion?

A

to create equilibrium inside and outside of the cell

69
Q

What is passive transport?

A

transport of molecules that does not require the use of ATP/energy

70
Q

what is active transport?

A

transport of molecules from low to high concentration

transport that requires the use of ATP/energy

71
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

moving non polar particles through the phospholipids

72
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

moving of polar particles through the protein canal

73
Q

what is gradient mean?

A

having different levels of concentration….low to high…high to low

74
Q

what does does high concentration try to do to low concentration

A

high concentrations will always flow to lower concentrations and NEVER the other way around

75
Q

how to determine concentration of water in or outside of a cell

A

simply use the fraction substance over water or S/W

76
Q

what is osmolarity measured in?

A

milliosmoles/liter

77
Q

the more milliosmoles you have does that increase or decrease concentration?

A

increases concentration

78
Q

the less milliosmoles you have does that increase or decrease concentration?

A

decreases concentration

79
Q

what is the range for blood osmolarity?

A

290-300 milliosmoles/liter

80
Q

what does isotonic mean?

A

this means that both the cell and what is surrounding the cell have equal milliosmoles/liter

81
Q

what does no net movement mean?

A

there is no movement of molecules between cell and surrounding environment

this happens when the cell and surrounding area are isotonic

82
Q

what does hypertonic mean?

A

this is when the cell surrounding area has a higher milliosmoles/liter than the cell does

to create an equilibrium the cell releases water to dilute the surrounding environment

when the cell releases water it becomes shriveled and dies

83
Q

what does hypotonic mean?

A

this is when the cell has a higher milliosmoles/liter than its environment does

to create an equilibrium the cell takes in water to dilute the cell

when doing this the cell will swell up and burst

84
Q

what does the L in milliosmoles/L represent?

A

water

85
Q

when do you use osmosis in the medical field?

A

you must match the levels of osmosis in blood when giving an IV bag.

86
Q

how do we get energy from food?

A

food energy comes in the form of ADP….we use ATP to break that food down to turn it into ATP which is the source of energy we use

87
Q

why are lipids/fats/oils important?

A

they help the body store energy…..help create phospholipids….they help create glycolipids

88
Q

what are glycolipids?

A

they extend off the phospholipids and act as receptors

determine ones blood type

help with the immune system by destroying bacteria and viruses

89
Q

what are the four kinds of fats?

A

saturated, monounsaturated, trans and polyunsaturated

90
Q

what are the worst kind of fats?

A

saturated fats

91
Q

why are saturated fats bad?

A

they can cause blockages in arteries because they are harder to break down compared to other fats

92
Q

what is the purpose of carbohydrates?

A

carbs are the main source of energy for the body….aids in digestion…help you feel full

93
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

RNA and DNA

94
Q

what is the purpose of nucleic acid?

A

storing genetic information in the body

95
Q

what is it called when going from DNA to RNA

A

transcription

96
Q

what is it called when going from RNA to Proteins

A

translation

97
Q

what is the purpose of transcription?

A

to make an RNA

98
Q

what is the purpose of translation?

A

to make proteins

99
Q

what is the purpose of forming RNA to use proteins?

A

RNA must be formed to create a new cell and use the protein

100
Q

what is a catabolic reaction?

A

breaking down of a cell….breaking down food

101
Q

what is an anabolic reation

A

building up…building up of damaged muscle

102
Q

what is the purpose of protein?

A

protein helps rebuild cells…..promotes growth

103
Q

what is complimentary pairing

A

pairing of nucleotides?

104
Q

what are nucleotides?

A

a mix of letters that build RNA and DNA

105
Q

what are the 5 nucleotides?

A 
A= Adenine
G= Guanine
T= Thymine
C=Cytosine
U=Uracil
106
Q

What 4 nucleotides are in RNA?

A

Adenine….Guanine….Uracil…Cytosine

107
Q

What 4 nucleotides in DNA?

A

Adenine…..Guanine….Thymine….Cytosine

108
Q

What nucleotide is only found in RNA?

A

Uracil…..Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA

109
Q

What are the codon pairings for nucleotides in RNA?

A

Adenine with Uracil and Guanine with Cytosine

110
Q

What are the codon pairings for nucleotides in DNA?

A

Adenine with Thymine and Guanine with Cytosine

111
Q

What is a hydrogen bound?

A

occurs when two h20s bond together

one h20 binds its one oxygen and with the other h20s hydrogen

not a super strong bond but when many bond together it becomes strong

112
Q

what is a polar covalent bond?

A

can be found in h20 where the positive Hydrogen bonds with the negative oxygen

113
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

combining of substances in which they share orbit

114
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

combining of substances in which a substance gives one atom to the other substance

115
Q

what are the four monomers?

A

sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides

116
Q

what are essential amino acids?

A

an amino acid that can not be made in the body and must come from diet

117
Q

what are non essential amino acids?

A

an amino acid that can be made in the body

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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