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3rd yr- CSB- summary sheets > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is proprioception

A

The ability to sense stimuli with the body in regard to position, motion and equilibrium

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2
Q

List the components of the reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory
  3. Integration centre
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
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3
Q

Where is the receptor found

A

It is at the site of stimulus action

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4
Q

What do sensory neurons do

A

They transmit afferent information to CNS

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5
Q

What is the integration centre

A

One or more synapses in the CNS

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6
Q

What does the motor neurone do

A

It conducts efferent impulses to the effector Organ

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7
Q

What is an effector

A

A muscle fibre or gland that responds to impulses

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8
Q

List the 5 conscious modalities

A
  1. Touch
  2. Auditory
  3. Sight
  4. Smell
  5. Taste
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9
Q

List the 5 subconscious modalities

A
  1. Pain
  2. Balance
  3. Body position
  4. Movement
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10
Q

What does sensory transduction require

A

Requires detection to changes in the environment (Stimuli)

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11
Q

What is sensory induction

A

Environmental signals being converted into electrochemical

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12
Q

How is a stimulus detected

A

Sensory receptors/ neurones detect changes in the environment

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13
Q

What is necessary to be able to detect a small stimulus

A

Amplification

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14
Q

What does localised depolarisation trigger

A

Triggers an action potion to propagate to the central nervous system via afferent fibres

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15
Q

What is the magnitude of receptor potential dependent on

A

Stimulus strength

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16
Q

How can sensory receptors be classified

A
  1. Location
  2. Function
  3. Fast or slow adapting
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17
Q

How do we classify sensory receptors by location

A
  1. Exteroceptors
  2. Interoreceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
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18
Q

Describe Exteroceptors

A

Sensitive to stimulus outside the body

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19
Q

Describe Interoreceptors

A

They respond to stimuli within body

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20
Q

Describe Proprioceptors

A

Advice the brain of body movements

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21
Q

How do we classify sensory receptors by function

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Proprioceptors
  3. Thermoreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Noiciceptors
  6. photoreceptors
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22
Q

What do mechanoreceptors detect

A

Detect touch, pressure. vibration and stretch

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23
Q

What do Proprioceptors detect

A

Position

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24
Q

What do thermoreceptors detect

A

Detect temperature changes

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25
Q

What do photoreceptors detect

A

Detect light energy

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26
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect

A

Detect chemical stimuli

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27
Q

What do Nociceptors detect

A

Detect pain

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28
Q

What are fast adapting neurones

A

Their response declines rapidly with continuous stimulation

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29
Q

What is another name for fast adapting neurones

A

Phasic receptors

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30
Q

What are slow adapting neurones

A

They continue to respond as long as the stimulus is there

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31
Q

What is another name for slow adapting neurones

A

Tonic receptors

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32
Q

Give an example of a fast adapting neurone

A

Thermoreceptors

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33
Q

Give an example of a slow adapting neurone

A

Pain receptors

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34
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors found

A

Present under fingertips and respond to mechanical forces

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35
Q

What do mechanoreceptors cause

A

Membrane distortion in receptive endings opening ion channels

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36
Q

Name the different types of sensory receptors

A
  1. Free sensory endings
  2. Root hair plexus
  3. Merkel disks
  4. Pacinian corpuscles
  5. Ruffini corpuscles
  6. Messner’s corpuscles
  7. Krause’s End Bulbs:
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37
Q

Describe Free sensory endings

A

Unencapsulated free end sensory swelling with distal knob like swellings

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38
Q

WhIch location class can free sensory endings fall under

A

Exteroceptors,
interoreceptors,
proprioceptors

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39
Q

Which function class can sensory endings fall under

A

Nociceptors (pain),
chemoreceptors,
thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptor

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40
Q

Where are free sensory endings found

A

Most internal tissues (mostly in connective tissue)

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41
Q

Describe root hair plexus

A

Modified unencapsulated free nerve endings that entwine into hair follicles

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42
Q

WhIch location class can root hair plexus fall under

A

Exteroceptors

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43
Q

Which function class can root hair plexus fall under

A

Mechanoreceptors

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44
Q

Where are root hair plexus found

A

In and surrounding hair follicles

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45
Q

Describe merkel disks

A

Unencapsulated free nerve endings attaching to deep epidermis

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46
Q

WhIch location class can Merkel disks fall under

A

Exteroceptors

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47
Q

Which function class can Merkel disks fall under

A

Mechanoreceptors

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48
Q

Where are Merkel disks found

A

Base of epidermis and sweat ridges of fingertips

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49
Q

What is the function of Merkel disks

A

Gather information regarding pressure and texture of touch

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50
Q

Describe Pacinian corpuscles

A

Single nerve cell surrounded by 60 layers of Schwann cells

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51
Q

WhIch location class can Pacinian corpuscles fall under

A

Exteroceptors, interoreceptors & some proprioceptors

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52
Q

Which function class cam Pacinian corpuscles fall under

A

Mechanoreceptors

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53
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found

A

Dermis and subcutaneous layers of skin (fingers, soles, genitalia, nipples)

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54
Q

What is the function od Pacinian corpuscles

A

Sensitivity to pressure pain and stretch

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55
Q

Describe Ruffini’s corpuscles

A

Spray of branching nerve endings enclosed by a capsule

56
Q

WhIch location class can Ruffini’s corpuscles fall under

A

Exteroceptors & proprioceptors

57
Q

Which function class can Ruffini’s corpuscles fall under

A

Mechanoreceptors

Slow adapting

58
Q

Where are Ruffini’s corpuscles found

A

Deep in dermis, hypodermic and joint capsules

59
Q

What is the function of Ruffini’s corpuscles

A

Sensitivity to skin stretch

Also contributes to tactile learning of finger position

60
Q

Describe Messner’s corpuscles

A

Small receptors surrounded by Schwann cells

61
Q

Which location class do Messner’s corpuscles fall under

A

Exteroceptors

62
Q

Which function class do Messner’s corpuscles fall under

A

Mechanoreceptors

63
Q

Where are Messner’s corpuscles found

A

Dermal papillae of hairless skin, lips, nipples, genitals, fingertips and eyelids

64
Q

What is is the function of Messner’s corpuscles

A

Sensitive to light touch

65
Q

Describe Krause’s End Bulb

A

Dendrite like endings surrounded by stem cells

66
Q

Which location class can Krause’s End Bulb fall under

A

Exteroceptors

67
Q

Which function class can Krause’s End Bulb fall under

A

Mechanoreceptors

68
Q

Where can Krause’s End Bulb be found

A

Connective tissue of mucosa and hairless skin near body opening

69
Q

What is the function of Krause’s End Bulb

A

They detect low few vibration and changes in texture

70
Q

Which receptors detect a gentle stroke on the back of the hand

A

Root hair and Merkel cells (mechanoreceptors)

71
Q

If you place your hand on a hot stove which receptors are stimulated

A

Mainly free nerve endings (temp/ noiciceptice)

72
Q

What is proprioception

A

it gives us a sense of where our limbs are in space

73
Q

Name the different types of proprioception

A
  1. Muscle spindles
  2. Golgi tendon
  3. Joint receptor
74
Q

Why is proprioception important in dentistry

A
  1. Importance for extensive mobility of the TMJ
  2. Maintenance of proper mandibular position during mastication and speech
  3. Implicated in certain pain syndromes
  4. Involved in jaw reflex mechanisms
75
Q

Which function group do muscle spindles fall under

A

Mechanoreceptors

76
Q

Where are muscle spindles found

A

Skeletal muscles

77
Q

Describe muscle spindles

A

Stretch receptors inside spindles sensitise to muscle length

78
Q

How do muscle spindles work

A
  1. Intrafusal fibres within the muscle spindles, detect muscle stretch & initiate reflex
  2. They send impulses to spinal cord via 1a sensory afferent fibres
  3. They inhibit motor neurone activity to the muscles
  4. When muscle contracts muscle spindles shorten and switch off
79
Q

Where are Golgi tendon organs found

A

Muscle tendons

80
Q

Describe Golgi tendon organs

A

Stretch receptor inside tenons enclosed in layered capsule surrounded by axons

81
Q

How do Golgi tendons work?

A
  1. Stretch receptors detect tension and initiate reflex
  2. Activated by muscle tension, not length
  3. Both spindles and Golgi tendons organs active when muscle is passively stretched
  4. Spindle switches off it muscle back to original length but tension still activated Golgi tendon organs
  5. Reflex initiates muscle to relax, removing stimulation
82
Q

Name the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve

A
  1. Ophthalmic
  2. Maxillary
  3. Mandibular
83
Q

The ophthalmic nerve carries sensory information from where?

A
  1. Scalp
  2. Forehead
  3. Upper eyelid
  4. Conjunctiva
  5. Cornea,
  6. Tip of nose
  7. Nasal mucosa,
  8. frontal sinuses
  9. parts of the meninges
84
Q

The maxillary nerve carries sensory information from where?

A
  1. Lower eyelid and cheek,
  2. nares & upper lip,
    3, upper teeth and gums
  3. Nasal mucosa,
  4. palate & roof of the pharynx,
  5. maxillary,
  6. ethmoid & sphenoid sinuses
85
Q

The mandibular nerve carries sensory information from where?

A
  1. The lower lip,
    2, lower teeth & gums,
  2. chin & jaw (except angle of mandible)
  3. Parts of the external ear
86
Q

Name a dental disease involved in proprioceptors

A

Dental distress syndrome

87
Q

What is dental distress syndrome

A

Dysfunction in occlusion causing disturbances throughout the body

88
Q

What is dental distress syndrome caused by

A
  1. Loss of one or more teeth
  2. Loss of vertical dimension
  3. Excessive tooth wear (due to bruxism)
  4. An underdeveloped upper jaw
  5. Osteoarthritis of TMJ
  6. Whiplash injury
89
Q

What can malocclusion cause

A

Faulty perception of trigeminal nerve

Can lead to altered blood supply and neural feedback to the brain

90
Q

Talk though a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor detects the stimulus
  2. Sensory neurone transmits afferent info into the CNS
  3. Synapsing occurrs in the CNS at the integration centre
  4. Motor neurone conducts efferent impulses to the effector organ
91
Q

What is present along the CNS

A

Enlargements where synapsing occurs

92
Q

Name the 2 different types of enlargements

A
  1. Cervical

2. Lumbosacral

93
Q

What do cervical enlargements supply

A

Forelimbs

94
Q

What do lumbosacral enlargements supply

A

Hindlimbs

95
Q

where is grey matter found

A

dorsal Horn
ventral horn
lateral horn

96
Q

What happens at the dorsal horn

A

Sensory relay neurones enter

97
Q

What happens at the ventral horn

A

Motor neurones leave

98
Q

What happen sat the lateral horn

A

At intermediolateral nucleus, preganglionic sympathetic neurones are found

99
Q

Where is white matter found

A

Dorsal column
Lateral column
Ventral column

100
Q

What is the dorsal column

A

Path for ascending axons carrying somatosensory info from dorsal horn to brain

101
Q

What is the Lateral column

A

Path for ascending & descending axons innervating inter & motor neurons

102
Q

What is the Ventral column

A

Path for ascending & descending axons

103
Q

What do ascending axons do

A

They convey information about pain and thermal sensation

104
Q

What do descending axons do

A

They control muscles & posture

105
Q

Name the 3 different types of reflex pathways

A

Monosynaptic
Disynaptic
Polysynaptic

106
Q

Describe the monosynaptic reflex

A

Sensory neurones axon synapses directly with motor neurone

107
Q

Describe the Disynaptic reflex

A

Single interneuron receives sensory input & synapses with motor neurone

108
Q

Describe the Polysynaptic reflex

A

Reflex pathway involves 2 or more interneurons

109
Q

What are muscles made up of

A

extrafusal and intrafusal fibres

110
Q

Describe extrafusal fibres

A

They make the bulk of muscle and generate tension when contracting

111
Q

Describe intrafusal fibres

A

They are specialised fibres embedded within muscle

These detect the amount of change in length of the muscle

112
Q

Name the 2 types of motor neurones

A

Alpha and gamma

113
Q

Which neurones innervate extrafusal fibres

A

Alpha motor neurones

114
Q

Which neurones innervate intrafusal fibres

A

Gamma motor neurones

115
Q

Where do alpha motor neurones receive their input

A

From 3 pathways:
From spinal interneurons
From upper motor neurons in the brain
Sensory input from muscle spindles

116
Q

List the basic features of a reflex

A
  1. Rapid
  2. Can be simple
  3. Can involve interneurones in complex processing
  4. Are a response to dance
117
Q

Talk through the stretch reflex

A
  1. A muscle is stretched
  2. Intrafusal fibres are stretches, this activates them
  3. Intrafusal fibres send afferent impulses along sensory neurone to the spinal cord
  4. The sensory neurone synapses with efferent motor neurone in ventral horn
  5. Motor neurone sends signals to the extrafusal fibres causing them to contract
  6. This contraction of extrafusal has 2 jobs: To protect the muscle from overstretching and To shorten the intrafusal fibre, thereby reducing the frequency of signals
118
Q

What are the 2 jobs of the extrafusal fibres when they contract

A
  1. To protect the muscle from overstretching

2. To shorten the intrafusal fibre, thereby reducing the frequency of signals

119
Q

List soem bleeding associated with dentistry

A
  1. Tooth extractions
  2. Surgery
  3. Trauma
120
Q

What is the effect of blood loss

A
  1. Patient distress
  2. Blood in tissues (busing & infection) – older pt.’s bruise will migrate downward (gravity)
  3. Blood in stomach can cause vomiting
  4. Blood in airway can cause obstruction
    Lost blood from vessels (hypovolemia)
121
Q

What can hypovolemia lead to

A
  1. Shock
  2. Reduced oxygen carrying capacity
  3. Reduced protein in blood/ clotting factors
  4. Reduced platelets
122
Q

What is Haemostasis

A

Blood clotting

123
Q

How is haemostasis achieved

A

Vascular spasms

Platelet plug formation

124
Q

How is the platelet plug formed

A
  1. Platelet gets activated and adhere to exposed collagen/VWF
  2. Platelet release reaction releases thromboxane A2 causes platelets to become activated
  3. Platelets aggregate (sticky) – stick to each other, collagen and fibrin strands
125
Q

How does aspirin work

A

Aspirin irreversibly binds to platelets this inactivates platelet COX (cyclooxygenase) enzymes needed for thromboxane A2 aggregation

126
Q

How does clopidogrel work

A

Clopidogrel binds to P2Y12 receptor irreversibly and prevents ADP mediated aggregation

127
Q

How long does it take platelets to renew

A

10 days

128
Q

Which patents are filet to be on clopidogrel drugs

A

Patients with

  1. Vascular disease
  2. Thromboembolic disease
  3. Stroke patients
  4. Peripheral vascular disease
  5. in which platelet aggregations are likely to form within the vascular system
129
Q

Should we stop patients taking aspirin before treatment

A

no

130
Q

How can we test bleeding function

A
  1. INR
  2. Platelet count
  3. Activated partial thromboplastin time
131
Q

State a noraml platelet count

A

200 – 400 * 10^9 / L

132
Q

How does warfarin work

A

Prevents the action of vitamin K and prevents carboxylation of clotting factor precursors

133
Q

What is vitamin k produced by

A

Gut bacteria

134
Q

Why is vitamin K important

A

is required for the production of factors, II, VII, IX & X

135
Q

Which parent are most Likely to be taking warfarin

A
  1. People with atrial fibrillation
  2. People with heart valve abnormalities or replacement
  3. Thromboembolic diseases
  4. Some other cardiac & vascular abnormalities
136
Q

What INR is safe

A

More than 4

3rd yr- CSB- summary sheets (6 decks)

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