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Extra ESA2 > pathology formative 2 > Flashcards

pathology formative 2 Flashcards

1
Q

MI:what pattern of necrosis would you expect to find in the myocardium?

A

coagulative

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2
Q

how does coagulative necrosis appear? histological appearance

A

loss of cell detail but ghost outline of tissue architecture remains

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3
Q

coagulative necrosis found where

A

solid organ

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4
Q

what colour does coagulative necrosis appear in MI?

A

pale/white

occlusion of an end artery> cell death with very slight haemorrhage

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5
Q

why do cells swell during ischaemia?

A

loss of function of energy dependent membrane pump> sodium and water accumulate in cytoplasm

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6
Q

differences between necrosis and apoptosis

A

necrosis:

  • sheets of cells affected
  • associated inflammation
  • cell swelling
  • always pathological
  • membrane breaks down
  • diffuse/ random DNA cleavage

apoptosis:

  • single cells affected
  • no associated inflammation
  • cell shrinkage
  • pathological or physiological
  • membrane intact
  • internucleosomal DNA cleavage
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7
Q

why is swelling seen in an inflamed area?

A

chemical mediators are released> cause arterioles to dilate and endothelial cells to contract > spaces between endothelial cells

> dilation leads to inc hydrostatic pressure. within the capillaries and fluid is pushed out between the gaps into tissue spaces

> conc of protein within the tissue spaces is increased, osmotic pressure inc, pulls more fluid into the tissue spaces

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8
Q

functions of complement system

A
  • kill bacteria by forming membrane attack complex which punches holes in membrane
  • chemical mediators/ chemotaxis
  • opsonisation
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9
Q

functions of macrophage

A
  • phagocytosis
  • secrete chemical mediators
  • present antigens to immune system, initiating the immune response
  • stimulate angiogensis
  • induce fibrosis
  • induce fever, acute phase reaction
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10
Q

what is a granuloma?

A

chronic inflammatory response
- collection of cells e.g. macrophages, giant cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes
> surrounds and attempts to destroy difficult pathogens/particles

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11
Q

how do the 3 giant cells appear?

A

Langhans- nuclei around periphery

foreign body- nuclei arranged randomly

touton- nuclei arranged in a ring towards cell centre

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12
Q

what type of necrosis does Tuberculosis show?

A

caseous
> central zone of necrosis

amorphous, structureless, eosinophilic, granular

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13
Q

conditions in which granulomas are commonly seen?

A 
syphilis
leprosy
fungal infection
crohns disease
chronic granulomatous disease
TB
sarcoidosis
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14
Q

eosinophils raised when?

A

allergic reaction

infection with large parasite

some tumours e.g. Hodgkins lymphoma

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15
Q

why can’t myocardium regenerate?

A

myocytes are permanent cells and no stem cells are present

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16
Q

which tissues must always heal with a scar?

A

skeletal muscle
neural tissue
cardiac

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17
Q

principle cellular constituents of granulation tissue

A

fibroblasts

endothelial cells/capillaries

18
Q

local factors that can impair wound healing

A 
poor blood supply
local infection
presence of foreign bods
large amount of necrotic tissue
poor surgical technique
large size of wound
19
Q

describe route of thrombi-embolism from leg veins to lungs

A 
deep veins of calf
iliac veins
inferior vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
20
Q

diff between thrombosis and clotting

A

thrombosis

  • pathological
  • inappropriate formation within a vessel

clotting

  • physiological
  • controls bleeding when vessels are severed
  • occurs outside vessels
21
Q

Virchows triad

A

Abnormal flow

Abnormal blood constituents

Abnormal vessel wall

22
Q

mechanisms of death with PE

A

respiratory compromise> non perfused but ventilated area of lung> hypoxaemia

haemodynamic compromise- incr resistance to pulmonary blood flow due to obstruction of pulmonary vessels > Right sided heart failure

23
Q

complications of abdominal aortic aneurysm

A
  • rupture and haemorrhage
  • thromboembolism to legs causing acute ischaemia
  • aortic occlusion or rupture
24
Q

xanthelasma caused from which condition?

A

its weird blobs on their eyes

  • hyperlipidaemia
  • hypercholesterolaemia
25
Q

why can some organs only undergo hypertrophy and not hyperplasia?

A

Permanent tissues can only undergo hypertrophy as these cell populations have little or no replicative potential

26
Q

causes of ventricular hypertrophy

A
  • systemic hypertension
  • valvular heart disease (aortic stenosis/ a/mitral regurg)
  • ischaemic HD
  • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • exercise
27
Q

causes of atrophy

A
  • inadequate nutrition
  • disuse
  • denervation
  • inadequate blood supply
  • loss of endocrine stimulation
  • persistent injury
  • aging
  • pressure
28
Q

what happens in metaplasia

A

stem cells within the tissue are reprogrammed and express diff genes> switch from producing one cell type to another (diff phenotype)

  • eliminated and replaced
29
Q

progression meaning in cancer

A

step wise accumulation of mutations

30
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin associated cancer

A

trophoblastic tumours

nonseminomatous testicular tumours

31
Q

calcitonin is a tumour marker for which cancer?

A

medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

32
Q

catecholamine and metabolites - a tumour marker for which cancer?

A

pheochromocytoma

33
Q

a- fetoprotein is a tumour marker for which cancer?

A

liver cell cancer

nonseminomatous germ cell tumour of testes

34
Q

carcinoembryonic antigen is a tumour marker for which cancer?

A

colon cancer

35
Q

prostate specific antigen is a tumour marker for which cancer?

A

prostate cancer

36
Q

CA125 is a tumour marker for which cancer?

A

ovarian cancer

37
Q

CA-19-9 is a tumour marker for which cancer?

A

pancreatic cancer

38
Q

most common type of cervical cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

39
Q

known malignancy and hypercalcaemia. high levels of parathyroid hormone related protein. which likely neoplasm?

A

bronchial squamous cell carcinoma

40
Q

sequence of events in haemostasis

A

arteries contract
platelet plug forms
fibrin filaments accumulate and trap RBCs

Extra ESA2 (32 decks)

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