1-2. 前置詞句 Flashcards

1
Q

The cranes are observed by binoculars.

The cranes are observed with binoculars.

A

手段のwith.
byにすると双眼鏡に観察されたとなる。

同様に、cancelled the reservations by telephone.
the article was written by a word processor.も変。
a word processorが、書く訳ではないので、on a word processorとする。

受動態でない場合、運輸/伝達の手段で使う場合はある。
We traveled by airplane.
We communicate by sign language.

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2
Q

This delicious beer was finally produced successfully (by Kirin) through the efforts of its best researchers.
Much of Mother Teresa’s work is done (by her) through the United Nations.
He was arrested (by the police) through a misunderstanding.
Kawabata’s best writing was achieved (by him) through a desire to capture the essence of classical beauty.

A

throughの語感を磨く。

throughは、agency, intermediary, reason, motiveなどを導く

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3
Q
onとwith
The performance was shows on television.
We heard the news on a late night radio program.
written on a typewriter.
written by a pen.
A

伝達手段を導くon.
ものがその手段の上にのって運ばれてくるイメージ
手段がものを処理して運んでくれるところも感じさせる

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4
Q

The speech was first delivered in English through an interpreter over the company’s closed-circuit television system and was later broadcast by NHK on all its radio stations under the title Expressing yourself better with a variety of Prepositions.

A

前置詞によって生み出される慣用表現の豊かさを知る

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5
Q

His conversation was rooted in a mystical experience.

His conversation was based on a mystical experience.

A

rootの場合、植物が土の中の深いところまで根を張っているイメージが強い
一方、baseの場合は、モノが土台の上にたてられているイメージ。接触点は、表面なので、onしか考えられない。
同様に、
Prof. Fukai lectured in English on the writings of Ando Shoeki.

She left in a hurry on an errand.
彼女は、あわてている状態の中にいるので、in.一方、彼女自体とそのerrandの仕事自体との接触は、そこに、平面性も可分性も感じられ、onしか、全治しとして連想されない

Having discovered a cure for baldness, the scientist was able to build a second home on the ocean in Hayama.
別荘は、葉山の中にあり、別荘は、海に対して、単に臨んでいるので、on the oceanとなる

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6
Q

We were together on a weekend in July.

A

英語の感覚としては、原則として、1週間くらい開いていないと、中に入っている感覚とならないので、on a weekend.

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7
Q

In the evening, she usually walks her dog.

The last time she walked her dog was on the evening of July 15.

A

最初の例は、午後をどう過ごすかという間の感覚が強い。一方、具体的な行為はいつだったかという時や時点として捉える意識が強い

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8
Q

get in the carとget on the trainの感覚の違い

A

乗る人と乗り物の運転の意識的なつながりの強さが違う。後者の場合は、単に乗客として運ばれている感じ。前者は、運転手との間につながりを感じる。同乗する感じ。バスに同乗するとは言わないのと同じ。

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9
Q

check out your desk.

check off your desk.

A
check out机の中
check off机の上
同様に
Keep out of this room!
Keep off the grass!
She took out her raincoat.(洋服ダンスから)取り出す
She took off her raincoat.
つまり、
outは、三次元関係を表し、動詞に立体感のあるもの中から外へ
offは、二次元関係を表し、あるものの表面から離れて、
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10
Q
  1. I cleaned my house
  2. I cleaned out my house
  3. I cleaned off my house
A
1は、単なる普通の掃除
2は、いろいろ不要なものがあって、それをすべて家の外に出して、捨てる
3は、家の表面を洗い落とす
どうように、
rinse the laundry
rinse off the dishes
rinse out your mouth
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11
Q

I was shocked when she first took off her false eyelashes and then took out her false teeth.

A

同様に、ファーストフードの、
Is this for take-out?
飛行機の、
the moment of take-off

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12
Q

Being forced to wait 45 minutes for her really put me out.

Her coquettish manner really put me off.

A

outのほうが、強い機嫌の変化を表す。 offは、不快に感じた程度

He is out of it today. どうかしている
He is off of it today.調子でない

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13
Q

The chimpanzee turned the box over and over.

The chimpanzee turned the box around and around.

A

over 回転の軸が水平(のりこえる)
around 回転の軸が垂直(避ける)
従って、
The horse got over the obstacle.
The horse got around the obstacle. 障害物をかわした
He got over his fear of heights by taking parachute training.
He got around his fear of heights by refusing ever to leave his one-story house on the beach.

病気のget overになると、表現として迫力がなくなり、本人の努力でなおった感じがしない
She got over the measles.

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14
Q

Why don’t you come over sometime?

Why don’t you come around sometime?

A

come overは、直線的、come aroundは、回ってくるようなついでによるニュアンスが入るので、謙遜の雰囲気がでる

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15
Q
  1. the pandas of Ueno Zoo
  2. Ueno Zoo’s panda
  3. Ueno Zoo panda
A

上野動物園が責任を持って飼育しているという所有感が強いのは、2
最も性質を強調するのは、3。上野動物園で飼育されているという性質を強調。
1は、最も中立な言い方
Ueno Zoo’s pandas are its most prized possessions.
Due to a steady diet of bamboo leaves mixed with seaweed, Ueno Zoo pandas have blacker fur than pandas in American zoos.
The Pandas of Ueno Zoo are a very popular attraction.

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16
Q

—of—の5つのタイプ

A
1. 成り立ち 構成
a staff of 3 men and 4 women
素材の場合、
boots of Spanish leatherよりも、 Spanish leather bootsがおおい
2. 位置
north of the city.  the north of the cityと間違えないように
3. 同格
the continent of Asia
the city of Tokyo
4. 包含関係
One of his many lovers
5. 性質
a girl of extraordinary charm
17
Q

彼女は、夫とうまくいかなくて別れたいと思っていたが、実際離婚してみると、孤独感も克服できず、経済的難局も切り抜けられない

A

She couldn’t get along with her husband and wanted to get away from him, but after actually getting a divorce, she could neither get over her sense of loneliness nor get around her financial difficulties.

18
Q

awayが持つ共通の意味

A
今の場所とは関係ない、あるいは、つながりのない場所へ
she put the neckless away.
His dog ran away.
His wife ran away.
His opponent ran away with the election.(圧勝)
His emotions ran away with him.
19
Q

He always manages to put himself across very well.
He got the idea clearly across to the readers.
He unexpectedly ran across an old lover the other day and figured out she still loved him.
When he was sorting out some old papers, he came across three picture of her.

A

〜渡る、を越える、あるいは、横断する、横切る、交差する