cardiovascular drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Regulation of TPR by noradrenaline and RAAS

A

Noradrenaline -> alpha 1 -> IP3 -> Ca2+ -> constriction

Ang II -> IP3 -> Ca2+ -> constriction

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2
Q

How does SNS increase frequency and force of contraction

A

Via Beta-1 receptors -> cAMP -> increased Ca2+ -> increased rate/force

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3
Q

How does PNS decrease frequency

A

Decrease cAMP via M2 receptors

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4
Q

What receptors allow constriction of venules

A

AT1-R

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5
Q

What allows regulation of TRP

A

Ang II and Noradrenaline (SNS)

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6
Q

Who to not give an ACE inhibitor to

A

> 55 years old (give calcium channel blocker)
African Americans
Those with co-existing diseases

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7
Q

Problems with ACE inhibitors

A
Hyperkalaemia
Renal impairment (ACE inhibitor prevents constriction of efferent arteriole - becomes dilated)
Prevent substance P and bradykinin being down -> coughing
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8
Q

Angiotensin receptor blockers ARBs - action (tartan ending drugs)

A

Block actions of Ang II on AT1-R

Minimal side effects

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9
Q

Example of an aldosterone antagonist

A

Spiralactone

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10
Q

What is primary aldosteronism

A

A hormonal disorder that leads to high blood pressure

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11
Q

Mechanism of action of Ca2+ channel blockers

A

Target L type ca2+ channels on smooth muscle of arterioles and relax them

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12
Q

Classes of Ca2+ channel blockers

A

Dihydropyridines (amlodipine)
Phenylalkylamines (verapamil)
Benzothiazepines (diltiazem)

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13
Q

Side effects of Calcium channel blockers

A

Peripheral Oedema
Flushing and headaches
Grapefruit juice enhances action

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14
Q

Mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics

A

Block sodium chloride co transporter in DCT

Sometimes activation of K(ATP) channels - smooth muscle dilation of arterioles decrease BP

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15
Q

Side effects of thiazide diuretics

A

Hypokalaemia
Increase in urate
Increase in glucose and blood lipids (not used in diabetics)

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16
Q

How do thiazide diuretics increase blood glucose

A

Open K(ATP channels) inhibit opening of Ca2+ channels, preventing release of insulin

17
Q

Side effects of beta blockers

A

Fatigue
Vasoconstriction of smooth muscle cells
Bronchoconstriction
Hypoglycaemia - low blood glucose activates release of adrenaline - mobilising glucose release from liver

18
Q

Types of beta blocker

A
Non selective (beta 1 and 2)
Selective (beta 1)
19
Q

Vasodilator example

A

Alpha-1 antagonists

20
Q

What is alpha 1 antagonists used to treat

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

21
Q

Alpha 1 antagonists mechanism of action

A

Block the pathway:

NA-> alpha 1 -> IP3 -> Ca2+ -> constriction