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Nakama 2 > Chapter 6 Grammar > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between 下さる／くれる and 差し上げる／あげる／やる:

A

下さる／くれる: OUT-GROUP is giving TO YOU or your IN-GROUP + IN-GROUP is giving TO YOU

The giver CANNOT BE YOU

差し上げる／あげる／やる: YOU or IN-GROUP are giving to OUT-GROUP + OUT-GROUP is giving to OUT-GROUP

The giver CAN BE YOU

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2
Q

下さる／くれる DEFINITION + GRAMMAR USAGE:

A

下さる and くれる are used when the RECIPIENT is the SPEAKER or a member of the speaker’s IN-GROUP. THE GIVER CANNOT BE THE SPEAKER.

下さる = HONORIFIC form of くれる. Use when a social superior gives you something. Otherwise, use くれる for equals and subordinates.

RECIPIENT = INDIRECT OBJECT; marked with the PARTICLE に, so the sentence structure is:

“Gift giver は recipient に Xを 下さる／くれる.”

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3
Q

橋本先生は私に辞書を下さいました。

A

Professor Hashimoto gave me a dictionary.

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4
Q

そのおじいさんは弟にお菓子を下さいました。

A

The elderly man gave my younger brother some sweets.

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5
Q

上田さんのお父さんが私に人形を下さいました。

A

Ms. Ueda’s father gave me a doll.

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6
Q

その子は私にフルーツをくれた。

A

The child gave me some fruit.

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7
Q

花子さんは妹におもちゃをくれました。

A

Hanako gave my younger sister a toy.

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8
Q

母は私に洋服をくれました。

A

My mother gave me clothes.

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9
Q

下さる／くれる CONJUGATION:

A

くれる is a る-verb and 下さる is an う-verb. The polite present form of 下さる is 下さいます, NOT 下さります.

Dictionary form: 下さる；くれる

Plain negative form: 下さらない；くれない

Polite affirmative form: 下さいます；くれます

Conditional form: 下されば；くれれば

Volitional form: 下さろう；くれよう

て-form: 下さって；くれて

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10
Q

A: かわいいぬいぐるみね。
B: おばあちゃんくれたの。

A

A: What a cute stuffed animal!
B: My grandmother gave it to me.

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11
Q

A: いい腕時計ですね。
B: 先輩が結婚祝いに下さったんです。

A

A: That’s a nice watch.
B: My senior at college gave it to me as a wedding gift.

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12
Q

差し上げる／あげる／やる DEFINITION:

A

差し上げる／あげる／やる are used when the RECIPIENT is NOT a member of the speaker’s IN-GROUP. THE GIVER CAN BE ANYONE.

差し上げる is honorific while やる is used for subordinates (plants, animals, one’s family members). あげる can be used for both social equals and social subordinates.

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13
Q

差し上げる／あげる／やる CONJUGATION:

A

差し上げる and あげる are る-verbs, and やる is an う-verb.

Dictionary form: 差し上げる；あげる；やる

Plain negative form: 差し上げない；あげない；やらない

Polite affirmative form: 差し上げます；あげます；やります

Conditional form: 差し上げれば；あげれば；やれば

Volitional form: 差し上げよう；あげよう；やろう

て-form: 差し上げて；あげて；やって

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14
Q

私は高校の時の先生にお見舞いを差し上げた。

A

I respectfully gave an omimai gift to my high school teacher.

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15
Q

母は父の会社の上司におせいぼを差し上げました。　

A

My mother gave my father’s boss an oseibo.

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16
Q

私は山田さんに子犬をあげた。

A

I gave a puppy to Mr. Yamada.

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17
Q

姉は近所のおばさんにはらうえの花をあげました。

A

My sister gave a neighbor a flowering potted plant.

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18
Q

キムさんは後輩にDVDをあげました。

A

Ms. Kim gave her junior a DVD.

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19
Q

私は花に水をやった。

A

I watered a flower. (literally: I gave water to a flower.)

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20
Q

母は子猫にえさをやった。

A

My mother gave some food to the kitten.

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21
Q

Using verbs of giving NOTES: What if both the giver and the recipient are members of the speaker’s in-group?

A

あげる or やる can be used more or less interchangeably with くれる in this situation.

While あげる and やる can imply NEUTRALITY between the speaker and the giver/receiver, it is also used to imply that the SPEAKER feels CLOSER to the GIVER than the receiver.

くれる is used to imply that the SPEAKER is CLOSER to the RECIPIENT than the giver.

母が男にお土産をくれた。My mother gave my brother some souvenirs. (The speaker identifies with his brother.)

母が男にお土産をあげた。My mother gave my brother some souvenirs. (The speaker identifies with his mother.)

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22
Q

いただく／もらう DEFINITION + GRAMMAR USAGE:

A

Both いただく and もらう mean “to receive.” RECIPIENT = SUBJECT of the sentence and can be ANYONE, but the SPEAKER CANNOT BE THE GIVER. The GIVER is marked with the particle に or から. に indicates the source from which the gift originates.

いただくis honorific. Use when the giver is socially superior to the speaker and recipient.

から must be used in cases where the giver is an institution, such as a 大学, rather than a human being.

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23
Q

兄は先生に／からカードをいただいた。

A

My older brother received a card from his teacher.

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24
Q

私は上司に／から結婚祝いをいただきました。

A

I received a wedding gift from my boss.

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25
Q

私は同僚に／から結婚祝いをもらいました。

A

I received a wedding gift from my coworker.

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26
Q

私は部下に／から結婚祝いをもらいました。

A

I received a wedding gift from my subordinate.

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27
Q

田中さんはかれにバラの花をもらいました。

A

Ms. Tanaka received a rose from her boyfriend.

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28
Q

妹は父に人形をもらいました。

A

My younger sister received a doll from our father.

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29
Q

上田さんは大学からメールをもらった。

A

Ms. Ueda received an e-mail from the university.

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30
Q

上田さんはお母さんにメールをもらった。

A

Ms. Ueda received an email from her mother.

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31
Q

Expressing the fact that something is easy or hard to do using the stem of the verb + やすい／にくい DEFINITION + CONJUGATION:

A

やすい and にくい are い-adjectives. They immediately follow the POLITE STEM of VERBS to indicate their difficulty. SUBJECT = ITEM or PERSON the speaker feels is easy or hard to deal with.

食べやすい: easy to eat
食べにくい: hard to eat

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32
Q

この腕時計は見やすいです。

A

This wristwatch is easy to read.

33
Q

このおさけは飲みやすいです。

A

This sake is easy to drink.

34
Q

このくつは歩きやすいね。

A

These shoes are easy to walk in.

35
Q

橋本先生は話しやすい先生です。

A

Professor Hashimoto is an easy teacher to talk with.

36
Q

この大きさは持ちやすいです。

A

This size is easy to hold.

37
Q

この明るさは見やすいですね。

A

It is easy to see with this level of light (brightness).

38
Q

このコーヒーカップは持ちにくいですね。

A

This coffee cup is hard to hold.

39
Q

このいすの高さはすわりにくいです。

A

The height of this chair makes it difficult to sit in.

40
Q

日本では大きい動物はかいにくいですね。

A

Large animals are hard to raise (as pets) in Japan.

41
Q

この食器は使いにくいと思います。

A

I think this dish is difficult to use.

42
Q

Listing actions and states, and implying a reason, using the plain form + し DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

A

し = Connective PARTICLE

Similar to て-form, but し conveys more of a sense of LISTING of NO PARTICULAR ORDER rather than a chronological sequence or connecting states. It can also be used to IMPLY a REASON instead of explicitly stating one.

し follows the PLAIN FORM of verbs and adjectives in any tense, affirmative or negative. (Remember, な-adjectives have a copula verb at the end).

43
Q

スミスさんはやさしいし、きれいだし、しんせつです。

A

Ms. Smith is gentle, pretty, and kind as well.

44
Q

この石鹸は安いし、使いやすいです。

A

This soap is inexpensive and easy to use.

45
Q

この子猫は元気がないし、いつも寝ています。

A

This kitten is not energetic and is always sleeping

46
Q

ねこもかっているし、犬もかっている。

A

I keep both a cat and dog

47
Q

お見舞いに上司から花をいただいたし、同僚からフルーツももらった。　

A

When I was sick, I received flowers from my boss and fruit from my colleagues.

48
Q

映画のチケットは買えなかったし、電車にもうれたし、いやな一日だった。

A

It was a bad day because I couldn’t buy a ticket for the movie, and I was late for the train.

49
Q

母の日だし、今日は家でご飯を食べます。

母の日だから、今日家でご飯を食べます。

A

It’s Mother’s Day, so I’ll eat at home today. (indirect)

Because it’s Mother’s Day, I’ll eat at home today. (direct)

50
Q

ペットもかいたいし、プライバシーも大事だし、アパートより家の方がいいよ。

A

I want to have a pet, and privacy is important, so I prefer a house to an apartment.

51
Q

Trying something using 〜てみる DEFINITION + GRAMMAR USAGE:

A

て-form of a verb + みる = indicates the speaker has done something on a TRIAL BASIS (or experimentally) to see what the result would be. みる is written in HIRAGANA.

52
Q

いただいたワイングラスを使ってみました。

A

I tried using the wine glass that I received as a gift. (lit.: I used the wine glass to see what it was like.)

53
Q

この小説読んでみたらどう？

A

How about trying this novel?

54
Q

日本の着物を着てみたいです。

A

I want to try wearing a Japanese kimono.

55
Q

このお菓子、おいしそうね。食べてみてもいい？

A

These sweets look good. Can I try some?

56
Q

動物をかってみたいんだ。

A

I’d like to keep an animal (to see what it’s like).

57
Q

Using direct quotes with と言う, 〜say “〜” DEFINITION + GRAMMAR USAGE:

A

What was actually said is QUOTED WITHOUT MODIFICATION and placed inside the Japanese quotation marks, which are 「 and 」.

58
Q

スミスさんは「すみません。」と言います。

A

Mr. Smith said, “I’m sorry.”

59
Q

キムさんは「自分でえらんだんだ。」と言います。

A

Mr. Kim said, “I chose it myself.”

60
Q

A: 山田さんは鈴木さんに何て言ったの？
B:「好きだ。」って言ったのよ。

A

A: What did Mr. Yamada say to Ms. Suzuki?
B: He said, “I love you.”

61
Q

A: それで、鈴木さんは何て言ったの？
B: 「ごめんなさい。」って言ったのよ。

A

A: Then, what did Ms. Suzuki say?
B: She said, “I’m sorry.” (This is a polite way of saying no in this situation.)

62
Q

Using indirect quote X は (Y に) Clause (plain form) と言う, X says (tells Y) that 〜 DEFINITION + GRAMMAR USAGE:

A

Indirect quotes = quote is MODIFIED.

What is quoted is in the clause preceding と, which ends in PLAIN FORM, and FINAL PARTICLES = REMOVED.

と = って in COLLOQUIAL speech; 何て = なんて

To quote a QUESTION, use 聞く instead of 言う。答える or 言う can be used to quote an ANSWER.

63
Q

スミスさんはすまないと言いました。

A

Mr. Smith said that he was sorry.

64
Q

キムさんは自分でえらんだと言った。

A

Mr. Kim said he chose it himself.

65
Q

山田さんは鈴木さんに好きだと言った。

A

Mr. Yamada told Ms. Suzuki that he loves her.

66
Q

そのけしょうひんは安いと答えました。

A

I answered that the cosmetics are inexpensive.

67
Q

その写真は大雪なのかと聞きました。

A

I asked if the photograph is important.

68
Q

その雑誌はおもしろかったと答えました。

A

I answered that the magazine was interesting.

69
Q

その音楽はきれいだと答えました。

A

I answered that the music is beautiful.

70
Q

えみさんは、田中さんは明日来るかどうか聞いていました。

A

Emi was asking me whether you (Mr. Tanaka) are coming tomorrow.

71
Q

明日は来ないと言って下さい。

A

Please tell (whomever) that I am not coming tomorrow.

72
Q

A: えみさんは、あの人はだれかと聞きました。
B: 石田さんはキムさんだと言いました。

A

A: Emi asked who that person is.
B: Mr. Ishida said it was Mr. Kim.

73
Q

X を Y と言う, call X Y DEFINITION:

A

Used to describe the NAME of something.

74
Q

Personal computer は日本語でパソコンと言います。

A

A personal computer is called pasokon in Japanese.

75
Q

日本人は personal computer をパソコンと言います。

A

The Japanese call a personal computer pasokon.

76
Q

日本語ではこれをパソコンと言いますが、英語では personal computer と言います。

A

This is called pasokon in Japanese, but it is called a personal computer in English.

77
Q

山田さんの名前はさとしと言います。

A

Yamada-san’s first name is Satoshi.

78
Q

A: これを／は何と言いますか。
B: かぎかっこと言います。

A

A: What are these called?
B: We call these kagikakko.

Nakama 2 (34 decks)

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